Reducing
levels of antioxidants in pancreatic cancer cells can help kill them,
newly published research reveals, suggesting an entirely new treatment
strategy for the notoriously lethal illness, in which less than 5
percent of patients survive 5 years.
Although it has become almost a matter of conventional wisdom in popular culture that raising antioxidant levels in the body tends to keep cancer at bay, a team at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) demonstrates in a series of sophisticated experiments that in the specific context of pancreatic cells on the road to cancer or already in a malignant state, the last thing one wants to do is to raise antioxidant levels.
Oxidizing and anti-oxidizing agents are created in every cell, and are kept in a very precise balance when cells are healthy. More oxidants are being made in malignant cells, but more anti-oxidants are being made, too, countering the impact of rising oxidation. Without commensurately more anti-oxidants, malignant cells will die due to excessive oxidation.
"Of course, that's exactly what we want cancer cells to do - to burn themselves out," observes the lead author of the study published in the journal Cell. "The therapeutic principle our lab is testing is whether, by increasing the level of oxidation in cancer cells, we can cause pre-malignant and malignant cells to die."
Most existing forms of cancer therapy, including ionizing radiation treatments and chemotherapy, depend on the killing power of oxidation. Anti-oxidants do indeed have a role in cellular health; but when it comes to killing cancer cells, they are anathema.
When cells detect excessive oxidation, they literally commit suicide, following a built-in program called apoptosis. One way of increasing oxidation in cancer cells is to decrease levels of antioxidants in those same cells. A question addressed by the team was how best to do this - and do it in a way that does not harm healthy cells. They focused on a protein called NRF2 (pronounced "nerf-2"). Scientists call it a master regulator of redox homeostasis - by which they mean that it's one of the switches one can tweak to disturb the exquisite balance between oxidation and reduction in cancer cells.
When NRF2 is active, cells synthesize a chemical called glutathione, an important antioxidant. It makes sense, then, to try to reduce NRF2 activity or knock it out of action altogether. This is not possible, for two reasons. One is that it is a transcription factor - a protein that regulates the activity of other genes. Transcription factors are famously difficult to target with drugs. But "you probably wouldn't want to knock it out, in any case," says the author, "because in addition to promoting production of glutathione, NRF2 has a role in regulating several hundred different genes." One can't delete it from a cell without impacting many other processes.
Members of the team arrived at a different strategy after conducting experiments in pancreas cells grown in the lab and testing a number of new therapeutic approaches in an animal model of pancreatic cancer.
Using a panel of pancreas organoids - spherical agglomerations of pancreas cells sampled from people with pancreatic cancer and from the healthy pancreas - they were able to observe what happens when NRF2 is completely eliminated. The test was run in normal, pre-malignant and malignant pancreas organoids. The pre-malignant organoids carried cellular mutations in the kras gene, which is aberrant in nearly all human pancreatic cancers. The malignant organoids bore that mutation plus a mutation that inactivated the powerful tumor suppressor gene p53. That mutation along with kras is seen in most human malignancies.
These experiments provided a critical clue: The team saw that when NRF2 is missing, the machinery in cells that translates messages from genes into proteins - the process of protein synthesis -- is very sensitive to fluctuations in the balance between oxidants and anti-oxidants. Crucially, however, protein synthesis was not impacted in normal pancreas cells. "We were very excited when we saw this, " author says. "This meant that if we could find a way of reducing antioxidants, protein synthesis would only be impacted in precancerous and malignant cells, a potentially powerful therapeutic strategy."
This phenomenon is called synthetic lethality. It occurs when a condition affecting both healthy and unhealthy cells is lethal only to the unhealthy cells.
The team came up with a two-drug cocktail, which they delivered to mice that model pancreatic cancer. One of the agents, called an AKT inhibitor, is designed to inhibit the beginning of translation process that leads to protein synthesis. The other agent, called BSO, inhibits the synthesis of glutathione, an antioxidant.
AKT inhibitors, administered alone, have produced only modest survival benefits in both mouse models and human patients. "We hoped that by combining them with BSO we might generate a synergy that would boost its effectiveness," says the author. In effect, the strategy was to mimic biochemically what would happen if they were able to knock out or reduce levels of NRF2 in cancer cells. It was the rationale for hitching BSO to the AKT inhibitor.
The team's new paper reports a synergistic effect in the mouse model of pancreas cancer, as well, proving the concept of killing more cancer by decreasing cancer cell antioxidant levels. Not fully satisfied with the survival benefit noted - comparatively small in the mice - they believe they can optimize the treatment by combining different combinations of translation inhibitors and repressors of antioxidant synthesis. This work is well under way.
The approach is potentially pertinent in other cancers in which kras mutations place cells on the road to malignancy. These include certain types of lung cancer and breast cancer.
http://www.cshl.edu/news-and-features/novel-drug-therapy-kills-pancreatic-cancer-cells-by-reducing-levels-of-antioxidants.html
http://sciencemission.com
Although it has become almost a matter of conventional wisdom in popular culture that raising antioxidant levels in the body tends to keep cancer at bay, a team at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) demonstrates in a series of sophisticated experiments that in the specific context of pancreatic cells on the road to cancer or already in a malignant state, the last thing one wants to do is to raise antioxidant levels.
Oxidizing and anti-oxidizing agents are created in every cell, and are kept in a very precise balance when cells are healthy. More oxidants are being made in malignant cells, but more anti-oxidants are being made, too, countering the impact of rising oxidation. Without commensurately more anti-oxidants, malignant cells will die due to excessive oxidation.
"Of course, that's exactly what we want cancer cells to do - to burn themselves out," observes the lead author of the study published in the journal Cell. "The therapeutic principle our lab is testing is whether, by increasing the level of oxidation in cancer cells, we can cause pre-malignant and malignant cells to die."
Most existing forms of cancer therapy, including ionizing radiation treatments and chemotherapy, depend on the killing power of oxidation. Anti-oxidants do indeed have a role in cellular health; but when it comes to killing cancer cells, they are anathema.
When cells detect excessive oxidation, they literally commit suicide, following a built-in program called apoptosis. One way of increasing oxidation in cancer cells is to decrease levels of antioxidants in those same cells. A question addressed by the team was how best to do this - and do it in a way that does not harm healthy cells. They focused on a protein called NRF2 (pronounced "nerf-2"). Scientists call it a master regulator of redox homeostasis - by which they mean that it's one of the switches one can tweak to disturb the exquisite balance between oxidation and reduction in cancer cells.
When NRF2 is active, cells synthesize a chemical called glutathione, an important antioxidant. It makes sense, then, to try to reduce NRF2 activity or knock it out of action altogether. This is not possible, for two reasons. One is that it is a transcription factor - a protein that regulates the activity of other genes. Transcription factors are famously difficult to target with drugs. But "you probably wouldn't want to knock it out, in any case," says the author, "because in addition to promoting production of glutathione, NRF2 has a role in regulating several hundred different genes." One can't delete it from a cell without impacting many other processes.
Members of the team arrived at a different strategy after conducting experiments in pancreas cells grown in the lab and testing a number of new therapeutic approaches in an animal model of pancreatic cancer.
Using a panel of pancreas organoids - spherical agglomerations of pancreas cells sampled from people with pancreatic cancer and from the healthy pancreas - they were able to observe what happens when NRF2 is completely eliminated. The test was run in normal, pre-malignant and malignant pancreas organoids. The pre-malignant organoids carried cellular mutations in the kras gene, which is aberrant in nearly all human pancreatic cancers. The malignant organoids bore that mutation plus a mutation that inactivated the powerful tumor suppressor gene p53. That mutation along with kras is seen in most human malignancies.
These experiments provided a critical clue: The team saw that when NRF2 is missing, the machinery in cells that translates messages from genes into proteins - the process of protein synthesis -- is very sensitive to fluctuations in the balance between oxidants and anti-oxidants. Crucially, however, protein synthesis was not impacted in normal pancreas cells. "We were very excited when we saw this, " author says. "This meant that if we could find a way of reducing antioxidants, protein synthesis would only be impacted in precancerous and malignant cells, a potentially powerful therapeutic strategy."
This phenomenon is called synthetic lethality. It occurs when a condition affecting both healthy and unhealthy cells is lethal only to the unhealthy cells.
The team came up with a two-drug cocktail, which they delivered to mice that model pancreatic cancer. One of the agents, called an AKT inhibitor, is designed to inhibit the beginning of translation process that leads to protein synthesis. The other agent, called BSO, inhibits the synthesis of glutathione, an antioxidant.
AKT inhibitors, administered alone, have produced only modest survival benefits in both mouse models and human patients. "We hoped that by combining them with BSO we might generate a synergy that would boost its effectiveness," says the author. In effect, the strategy was to mimic biochemically what would happen if they were able to knock out or reduce levels of NRF2 in cancer cells. It was the rationale for hitching BSO to the AKT inhibitor.
The team's new paper reports a synergistic effect in the mouse model of pancreas cancer, as well, proving the concept of killing more cancer by decreasing cancer cell antioxidant levels. Not fully satisfied with the survival benefit noted - comparatively small in the mice - they believe they can optimize the treatment by combining different combinations of translation inhibitors and repressors of antioxidant synthesis. This work is well under way.
The approach is potentially pertinent in other cancers in which kras mutations place cells on the road to malignancy. These include certain types of lung cancer and breast cancer.
http://www.cshl.edu/news-and-features/novel-drug-therapy-kills-pancreatic-cancer-cells-by-reducing-levels-of-antioxidants.html
http://sciencemission.com
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