Wednesday, April 20, 2011
453 ஆண்டு கால பழமையான கடனட்டை கண்டுபிடிப்பு
| 453 ஆண்டு கால பழமையான கடனட்டை கண்டுபிடிப்பு |
 பல்கலைகழக நகரமான விட்டன்பெர்க்கில் 453 ஆண்டு கால பழமை வாய்ந்த கடன் அட்டையை தொல்வியல் ஆய்வாளர்கள் கண்டுபிடித்துள்ளனர்.இந்த கடன் அட்டை ஐரோப்பா பகுதியில் கண்டுபிடிக்கப்பட்ட அரியவகை பொக்கிஷமாக உள்ளது என சாக்சோனி அன்ஹால்ட்டின் ஹாலே வரவேற்று அருங்காட்கியக தொல்வியல் நிபுணர் ஆண்ட்ரியாஸ் ஹாலே கூறினார்.மத்திய கால கட்டத்தில் கடன் அட்டைகள் நீண்ட குச்சி வடிவில் உள்ளன. ஆய்வாளர்கள் கண்டுபிடித்த மரகுச்சி 30 செ.மீ நீளத்துடனும், அதன் மேற்பரப்பில் கடன் வாங்கியதற்கான 23 வெட்டு குறியீடுகளும் உள்ளன. இந்த கடன் அட்டை 1558ம் ஆண்டை சார்ந்ததாக உள்ளது. இந்த விவரம் கடன் அட்டையிலேயே குறிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. மத்திய காலத்தில் படிக்கவோ, எழுதவோ தெரியாத மக்கள் கடன் அட்டைகளை மரக்குச்சிகளில் உருவாக்கினர். இந்த கடன் அட்டைக் குச்சிகள் 2 ஆக பிரிக்கப்பட்டு ஒரு பகுதியை கடன் கொடுத்தவரும், இன்னொருப் பகுதியை கடன் அளித்தவரும் வைத்து இருந்தார்கள். பணம் திரும்ப செலுத்தும் போது உடைக்கப்பட்ட குச்சி ஒன்றாக இணைக்கப்பட்டு கடன் விவரம் சரிபார்க்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. |
இஸ்லாமிய மதப்போதகர் வீட்டில் கைப்பற்றப்பட்ட பயங்கர ஆயுதங்கள்
| இஸ்லாமிய மதப்போதகர் வீட்டில் கைப்பற்றப்பட்ட பயங்கர ஆயுதங்கள் |
 இஸ்லாமிய மதப்போதகராக மாறிய முன்னாள் பெர்லின் ராப் இசைக்கலைஞர் டெசோ டோக் வீட்டில் பொலிசார் திடீர் சோதனை நடத்தி பயங்கர ஆயுதங்களை கைப்பற்றினர்.35 வயது டெசோ டோக்கின் உண்மையான பெயர் மமோடு. இஸ்லாமிய வட்டாரத்தில் அவரது பெயர் அப்துல் மலிக் என பரவலாக அறியப்படுகிறது. 2010ம் ஆண்டு மார்ச் மாதம் அவரது வீட்டில் 16 முறை சுடக்கூடிய துப்பாக்கிக் குண்டுகள் கைப்பற்றப்பட்டன.இசைக்கலைஞர் டெசோ யூடூப்பில் பதிவு செய்த வீடியோவிலும் பகுதி அளவில் தானாக இயங்கக்கூடிய க்ளாக் பிஸ்டலில் அவர் குண்டுகள் நிரப்புவது போன்ற காட்சி உள்ளது. அவர் வைத்திருந்த நவீனத் துப்பாக்கிக்கு உரிய லைசென்ஸ் இல்லை. முன்னாள் ராப் கலைஞர் மீதான ஆயுதக் குற்றச்சாட்டை பெர்லின் மாநில விசாரணை செய்தித் தொடர்பாளர் மார்ட்டின் ஸ்டெல்ட்னர் உறுதிப்படுத்தினார். மமோடு பெயரில் இருந்த போது அவர் போதை மருந்துக் குற்றச்சாட்டில் தண்டிக்கப்பட்டார். இஸ்லாமியராக மதம் மாறிய அப்துல் மலிக் என்ற பெயர் பெற்றுள்ள ராப் இசைக் கலைஞர் வெளிப்படையாக வன்முறை ஜிகாத் முறையை பாராட்டி விமர்சனத்திற்கு ஆளாகி வருகிறார். |
தண்ணீரில் கைத்தொலைபேசி விழுந்தால்
தண்ணீரில் கைத்தொலைபேசி விழுந்தால்
நாம் அடிக்கடி செய்திடும் ஒரு காரியம் நம் கைத்தொலைபேசியை தண்ணீரில் போடுவது. குளியலறைகளுக்கும் எடுத்துச் செல்லும் பழக்கத்தைக் கொண்டிருக்கிறோம்.
அவ்வாறு விழுந்த பின் கடைபிடிக்க வேண்டிய நடவடிக்கைகள்:
1.முதலாவதாக போனில் எதனை எல்லாம் பிரித்து எடுத்து வைக்க முடியுமோ அவற்றை எல்லாம் பிரித்து எடுத்திடவும். கைத்தொலைபேசி கவர், பற்றரி கவர், பற்றரி, சிம் கார்ட், மெமரி கார்ட் ஆகியவை இதில் அடங்கும்.
2. அடுத்து கைத்தொலைபேசியில் எங்கெல்லாம் தண்ணீர் இருக்கும் என்று எண்ணுகிறீர்களோ அங்கு சிறிய மெல்லிய துணி, அல்லது டிஷ்யூ பேப்பர் கொண்டு சுத்தம் செய்து நீரை உறிஞ்சி எடுக்கவும். முழுவதுமாக உலர செய்திடவும்.
3. ஹேர் ட்ரையர் ஒன்று இருந்தால் அதனை எடுத்து கைத்தொலைபேசியை மீதாகப் பயன்படுத்தி ஈரத்தை உலர்த்தவும். குறிப்பாக பற்றரி வைத்திடும் இடத்தில் உள்ள ஈரத்தை முழுமையாக நீக்கவும்.
இவ்வாறு உலர வைக்கையில் ஹேர் ட்ரையரை கைத்தொலைபேசிக்கு மிக அருகே கொண்டு செல்லக் கூடாது. அது கைத்தொலைபேசியின் சில பகுதிகளைப் பாதிக்கலாம். எனவே சற்று தள்ளி வைத்து 20 முதல் 30 நிமிடம் வரை இவ்வாறு உலர வைக்கும் வேலையை மேற்கொள்ளவும்.
இந்த வேலையை மேற்கொள்கையில் கைத்தொலைபேசியை வெவ்வேறு நிலையில் வைத்து உலர வைக்கவும். இதனால் வெவ்வேறு இடங்களில் ஒட்டியிருக்கும் ஈரம் வெளியேறி உலரும்.
இதே போல பற்றரி, சிம் கார்டு ஆகியவற்றில் உள்ள ஈரத்தையும் உலர வைக்கவும்.
நன்றாக உலர்ந்த பின்னர் காற்றோட்டமான இடத்தில் வெகுநேரம் வைத்த பின்னர் பற்றரி, சிம் ஆகியவற்றைப் பொருத்தி இயக்கவும். அப்போதும் சரியாக இயங்கவில்லை எனில் இன்னும் சில மணி நேரம் காத்திருந்து ஈரம் தானாக உலரும் வரைப் பொறுத்திருக்கவும்.
அதன் பின்னரும் இயங்கவில்லை எனில் கைத்தொலைபேசியை சரி செய்திடும் பணியாளரிடம் சென்று நீரில் விழுந்ததை மறைக்காமல் கூறி நீங்கள் மேற்கொண்ட செயல்களையும் கூறி சரி செய்திடச் சொல்லவும்.
நாம் அடிக்கடி செய்திடும் ஒரு காரியம் நம் கைத்தொலைபேசியை தண்ணீரில் போடுவது. குளியலறைகளுக்கும் எடுத்துச் செல்லும் பழக்கத்தைக் கொண்டிருக்கிறோம்.
அவ்வாறு விழுந்த பின் கடைபிடிக்க வேண்டிய நடவடிக்கைகள்:
1.முதலாவதாக போனில் எதனை எல்லாம் பிரித்து எடுத்து வைக்க முடியுமோ அவற்றை எல்லாம் பிரித்து எடுத்திடவும். கைத்தொலைபேசி கவர், பற்றரி கவர், பற்றரி, சிம் கார்ட், மெமரி கார்ட் ஆகியவை இதில் அடங்கும்.
2. அடுத்து கைத்தொலைபேசியில் எங்கெல்லாம் தண்ணீர் இருக்கும் என்று எண்ணுகிறீர்களோ அங்கு சிறிய மெல்லிய துணி, அல்லது டிஷ்யூ பேப்பர் கொண்டு சுத்தம் செய்து நீரை உறிஞ்சி எடுக்கவும். முழுவதுமாக உலர செய்திடவும்.
3. ஹேர் ட்ரையர் ஒன்று இருந்தால் அதனை எடுத்து கைத்தொலைபேசியை மீதாகப் பயன்படுத்தி ஈரத்தை உலர்த்தவும். குறிப்பாக பற்றரி வைத்திடும் இடத்தில் உள்ள ஈரத்தை முழுமையாக நீக்கவும்.
இவ்வாறு உலர வைக்கையில் ஹேர் ட்ரையரை கைத்தொலைபேசிக்கு மிக அருகே கொண்டு செல்லக் கூடாது. அது கைத்தொலைபேசியின் சில பகுதிகளைப் பாதிக்கலாம். எனவே சற்று தள்ளி வைத்து 20 முதல் 30 நிமிடம் வரை இவ்வாறு உலர வைக்கும் வேலையை மேற்கொள்ளவும்.
இந்த வேலையை மேற்கொள்கையில் கைத்தொலைபேசியை வெவ்வேறு நிலையில் வைத்து உலர வைக்கவும். இதனால் வெவ்வேறு இடங்களில் ஒட்டியிருக்கும் ஈரம் வெளியேறி உலரும்.
இதே போல பற்றரி, சிம் கார்டு ஆகியவற்றில் உள்ள ஈரத்தையும் உலர வைக்கவும்.
நன்றாக உலர்ந்த பின்னர் காற்றோட்டமான இடத்தில் வெகுநேரம் வைத்த பின்னர் பற்றரி, சிம் ஆகியவற்றைப் பொருத்தி இயக்கவும். அப்போதும் சரியாக இயங்கவில்லை எனில் இன்னும் சில மணி நேரம் காத்திருந்து ஈரம் தானாக உலரும் வரைப் பொறுத்திருக்கவும்.
அதன் பின்னரும் இயங்கவில்லை எனில் கைத்தொலைபேசியை சரி செய்திடும் பணியாளரிடம் சென்று நீரில் விழுந்ததை மறைக்காமல் கூறி நீங்கள் மேற்கொண்ட செயல்களையும் கூறி சரி செய்திடச் சொல்லவும்.
அயல் கிரகங்களில் கண்டறியப்பட்ட கறுப்பு நிற தாவரங்கள்
| அயல் கிரகங்களில் கண்டறியப்பட்ட கறுப்பு நிற தாவரங்கள் |
 அயல் கிரகங்களில் உயிர்வாழக் கூடிய சூழ்நிலைகள் உள்ளன. ஒன்றுக்கு மேற்பட்ட சூரியன்களை கொண்டுள்ள அயல் கிரகங்களில் வளரும் தாவரங்கள் கறுப்பு நிறத்தில் இருக்கலாம் என விஞ்ஞானிகள் கூறியுள்ளனர்.நமது பூமியில் இரு நட்சத்திரங்கள் அருகாமையில் இருப்பது போன்றோ அல்லது இரு நட்சத்திரங்கள் பிரிந்து தொலைதூரத்தில் இருப்பது போன்ற அமைப்பை கொண்ட ஒத்த கிரகங்களின் கணணி வெளிப்பாடுகளை விஞ்ஞானிகள் ஆய்வு செய்தனர்.இந்த ஆய்வினை ஜாக் ஓ மாலே ஜேம்ஸ் தலைமையிலான குழு ஆய்வு செய்தது. இவர் கூறுகையில்,"நட்சத்திரத்தின் வெப்பநிலையைப் பொறுத்தே செடியின் நிறம் அமைகிறது. அயல் கிரகங்களில் காணப்படும் ஒளியின் நிறத்தை தாவரங்கள் ஒளிச் சேர்க்கை நிகழ்வுக்கு பயன்படுத்தும் போது அதன் நிறங்கள் மாறுபடுகின்றன" என்றார். சிறிய சூரியனில் இருந்து வெளிச்சம் பெறும் அயல் கிரகங்களின் தாவரங்களில் இலை நிறம் மங்கி இருக்கும். நமது கண்களுக்கு அந்த இலை கறுப்பாக இருக்கும் என்றும் அவர் தெரிவித்தார். நமது பூமியால் சூரிய ஒளியை போதிய அளவில் பெறுவதால் ஒளிச்சேர்க்கை நடத்தும் தாவரங்கள் பச்சை நிறத்தில் உள்ளன. |
பார்வை இழப்பைத் தடுக்க ஒரே ஒரு ஊசி போதும்: ஆய்வுத் தகவல்
| பார்வை இழப்பைத் தடுக்க ஒரே ஒரு ஊசி போதும்: ஆய்வுத் தகவல் |
| பார்வை இழப்பை தடுக்க இனி ஒரே ஒரு ஊசி போதும் என்று இங்கிலாந்து விஞ்ஞானிகள் கண்டுபிடித்துள்ளனர்.இதுபற்றி லண்டனில் கண் சிகிச்சை நிபுணரும், விஞ்ஞானிகள் குழுவில் இடம்பெற்றவருமான ஆலிவர் பேக்ஹவுஸ் கூறியதாவது: ஒரே ஒரு ஊசி மூலம் பார்வையிழப்பை தடுக்க முடியும் என்று கண்டுபிடித்துள்ளோம். அந்த ஊசி மூலம் ஸ்டீராய்டை கண்களுக்கு பின்னால் இடம்பெறச் செய்யலாம். பார்வையிழப்பை ஏற்படுத்தக்கூடிய கண் நரம்புகள் அடைப்பை அது தடுக்கும். அதனால் திடீர் பார்வையிழப்பு ஏற்பட வாய்ப்பில்லை. மேலும் விழித்திரை அருகே எரிச்சலுக்கு எதிரான மருந்தை அந்த ஊசி வெளியிடும். எனவே கண் எரிச்சலால் ஏற்படும் பார்வைக் குறைவு தடுக்கப்படும். இந்த ஊசியை எதிர்கால பார்வையிழப்பைத் தடுக்கவும் பயன்படுத்தலாம். ஏற்கனவே பார்வைக் குறைபாடு ஏற்பட்டவர்களும் பார்வையை மீட்க பயன்படுத்த முடியும். இது தவிர பலவிதமான கண் நோய்களை குணப்படுத்தவும் இந்த ஊசி உதவும். நீரிழிவு நோய் மற்றும் வயது காரணமாக ஏற்படும் பார்வைக் குறைபாடுகளையும் தவிர்க்க முடியும். இந்த சிகிச்சைக்கு ரூ.1.44 லட்சம் செலவாகும் என ஆலிவர் தெரிவித்தார். பிராட்போர்டில் உள்ள யாக்ஷயர் கண் மருத்துவமனையின் சிகிச்சை நிபுணர் ஷபீக் ரகுமான் கூறுகையில்,"இந்த ஆராய்ச்சி முடிவு பிரமிக்க வைக்கிறது. பல்வேறு பார்வைக் கோளாறுகளை தவிர்க்க இந்த ஊசி சிகிச்சையை பயன்படுத்தலாம். அதன் முடிவுகள் ஆச்சரியம் அளிக்கின்றன" என்றார். |
தாவர எண்ணெய் மூலம் ஓடும் மிக நீளப் பேருந்து
| தாவர எண்ணெய் மூலம் ஓடும் மிக நீளப் பேருந்து |
 பிரேசிலில் தாவர எண்ணெய் மூலம் ஓடும் உலகின் மிக நீளமான பேருந்து தனது பயணத்தை தொடங்கியது.பிரேசிலில் பிரபல நிறுவனம் பி.ஆர்.டி என்ற உலகின் நீளமான பேருந்து ஒன்றை தயாரித்துள்ளது. 28 மீற்றர் நீளமுள்ள அந்த பேருந்தில் 250 பேர் பயணிக்கலாம். இயற்கை எரிபொருளான தாவர எண்ணெயில் இயங்குகிறது என்பது தான் அதன் தனிச் சிறப்பு. தற்போது இந்த பேருந்தின் சேவை குருடிபா நகரில் தொடங்கப்பட்டு உள்ளது. நாள் ஒன்றுக்கு சராசரியாக 25,000 பயணிகள் 10 கிலோ மீற்றர் தொலைவுக்கு பயணம் செய்யும் வகையில் மொத்தம் 24 பேருந்துகளை இந்நிறுவனம் இயக்க உள்ளது. மேலும் மணிக்கு 28 கிலோ மீற்றர் வேகத்தில் செல்லும் வகையில் இந்த பேருந்துகள் தயாரிக்கப்படுவதாக அதன் நிர்வாகி ஒருவர் தெரிவித்தார்.  |
Tuesday, April 19, 2011
2015 development goals within reach- IMF, WB
WASHINGTON, April 16, AFP
Goals for slashing extreme poverty and hunger in the world by 2015 are more in reach as two-thirds of developing countries near the targets, a World Bank-IMF report said Friday.
But much of the progress reflects rapid economic growth in China and India, while many African countries are lagging behind, economists warned.
In a mainly upbeat assessment of progress on the Millennium Development Goals, an eight-point program set up by the international community in 2000, the World Bank and its sister institution the International Monetary Fund called for stepped-up efforts to close the gap.
“Two-thirds of developing countries are on track or close to meeting key targets for tackling extreme poverty and hunger,” the Washington-based institutions said in this year’s Global Monitoring Report.
The United Nations set a 15-year timeframe at the turn of the millennium to achieve its goals of halving extreme poverty, boosting health and education and further empowering women across the developing world.
The IMF-World Bank report card reveals “a diverse, and often hopeful, picture,” the institutions said. Among developing countries that are falling short, half are close to getting on the road to achieving the goals.
“With improved policies and faster growth, these countries can still achieve the targets in 2015 or soon after,” the report said.
According to the report, based on current economic projections, the world remains on track to reduce by half the number of people living in extreme poverty.
The number of people living below the poverty line of $1.25 a day is forecast to fall to 883 million in 2015, compared with 1.4 billion in 2005 and 1.8 billion in 1990. “Reaching the MDGs (goals) is a significant achievement for developing countries. But there still is much to do in reducing poverty and improving health outcomes even in the successful countries,” Hans Timmer, director of development prospects at the World Bank, said in a statement.
“Donors should build on this success and help countries make the next step through investments in effective service delivery,” he added.
Seventeen countries are far from halving extreme poverty, economists said.
Brad McDonald, deputy division chief and IMF coordinator for the report, emphasized that economic growth continues to be a major factor in reaching the targets.Although the 2008-2009 global economic and financial crises had set back progress, he said, “many low-income countries that had strong macroeconomic policies were able to soften the impact of the crisis with active tax and spending policies.”
Public servants to benefit
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Knowledge economy, growth and development
Text of the speech by Professor A D V de S Indraratna at the seminar on ‘Knowledge economy and urban growth’, organized by the National Academy of Sciences of Sri Lanka held in Colombo on April 6, 2011
Today, knowledge economy has almost become a buzzword among economists, planners and other professionals. First let me explain to you what is meant by knowledge economy. The term knowledge is as old as the term development because entrepreneurship or entrepreneurial knowledge is the kingpin of organization of production, which is basic to development. The concept of knowledge economy, however, is relatively new. It has evolved over the years. Let me first briefly trace its history.
The term Knowledge Economy was used for the first time in 1962 by the Princeton University Economics Professor Machlup, in his book The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States Nevertheless, it was nearly another three decades later, when the economies of the world have become highly integrated or globalized with market economies and liberalized trade, it was begun to refer to knowledge economy in relation to production and international specialisation or generally to economic growth and development. Comparative cost advantage, as a basis of production and trade propounded by Adam Smith, was being replaced by competitive advantage of economies or countries.
These depend rather more on human resource development than physical capital, with reforms in tertiary education entailing increasing vocationalisation and professionalisation of it advancement in S and T, enhancement of R and D and Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
The application of knowledge is manifest in all these areas and knowledge has become the key to competitiveness and growth in the global economy. Knowledge, in this context, expands people’s possibilities and thereby help to increase the wealth of nations.
To sum up, knowledge economy is one that creates, disseminates and inputs or uses knowledge to promote growth and development.
While in the Adam Smith’s classical world, it is the manual worker who worked with his/her hands to produce goods or services, in today’s highly integrated world, it is the knowledge worker who works with his head that really matters. It should be clear from what has been stated already, that the knowledge economy should not be interpreted to signify only information society or high technology or ICT but it should encompass appropriate knowledge pertaining to all spheres utilized to promote inclusive growth and thereby increase the welfare and quality of life of the people which, after all, is the ultimate aim of development.
In the context of development, the knowledge economy comprises four major areas or pillars. They are:
*The Environment (enabling environment promoting entrepreneurship and good business),
*ICT,
*Human resource development or investment in human capital and
*Innovation.
I need not discuss the ICT, as it is generally known and also as it will be the focus of discussion by you in the remaining time of this seminar.
The third pillar, human resource development requires reforms in education to gear or orient it so as to meet the manpower demand of the economy and this involves primarily, the improvement of quality and relevance of tertiary education and increased equity of access to it for a large bulk of the population to whom it has been hitherto denied.
The last one, innovation is crucial in a highly competitive world for it is able to push outward the boundaries of what is possible. It entails increasing investment in R and D for adaptation of existing technology and adoption of new and appropriate technology such as nano technology to suit our local conditions so as to improve the techniques of production, produce new brands and new products and create more value for existing products etc. so as to improve overall productivity and enhance competitiveness and thereby growth.
I looked at seven countries of Asia, arranged in descending order of value of their HDI (of 2010), namely Republic of Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, People’s Republic of China, Sri Lanka, Vietnam and India, in relation to their respective growth rates (of 2007, avoiding the years of recession).
The four countries at the bottom of the scale had higher growth rates of more than 7 percent with China leading with double-digit growth, while Korea, Singapore and Malaysia at the top of the scale had growth rates of 5.1 percent, 8.1 percent and 6 percent respectively. The direct correlation or nexus between knowledge and growth is not established here because of the limitation of the HDI itself and not due to absence of such relationship.
This is clearly vindicated by the fact that Korea, China, Singapore and India have had relatively very high growth rates. The first three of them had their R and D level exceeding 1.5 percent of GDP with India fast catching up that level, compared with Sri Lanka’s less than 0.15 or one tenth of it. They also have been making rapid strides in. ICT and making heavy investment in tertiary education.
For example, the number of telephones and internet users, per 100 people had increased several fold in all these four countries between 2000 and 2008 with the numbers respectively standing in 2008 at 138 and 75.8 in Korea, 170 and 69.6 in Singapore and 74 and 22.5 in China, compared to Sri Lanka’s 72 and 7.0. Korea also is reported to have the highest broadband penetration in the world.
In regard to tertiary education of these countries, it is noteworthy that more than 50 percent of the people of the age cohort in Korea attend a tertiary level institute, while in China more than 50 percent of the students at university follow an S and T related subject, and Singapore’s second biggest item of government expenditure is education, whereas in Sri Lanka enrolment in tertiary education (in both private and public sector institutions) is estimated to be less than 15 percent of the age cohort.
There is no doubt that the knowledge economy is responsible for making China and Singapore the fastest growing countries in Asia, and for that matter in the whole world, in the last decade.
They can be taken as good examples of emerging knowledge economies at a global level with India following closely behind while a place like Silicon Valley in the United States may be taken as a pocket knowledge economy at a country level, where knowledge is created, disseminated and used, as stated earlier, to promote growth and development. So much for the nexus or synergy between knowledge economy and growth. Let me now briefly examine, in this context, the Sri Lankan scenario.
With the opening of the economy in the late seventies (end of 1977), while the manufacturing sector continued to grow relatively to agricultural sector, the services sector began expanding much faster than either of them, and by the end of the first decade of the next 21st century, the sectoral composition of the economy has so much changed as to transform the economy from an agriculture based economy to a services dominated one.
Historical background
With the appearance of the Wealth of Nations of Adam Smith in 1776, economists began to talk of comparative cost of production. This was based on specific endowment of labour and physical capital of countries as a determinant of specialization of production and international trade. Economic growth, in other words, was treated as a function of labour and capital. Human or institutional knowledge and science and technology including R and D, which are all ingredients of knowledge, were not included in this equation, until about the 1930s.The term Knowledge Economy was used for the first time in 1962 by the Princeton University Economics Professor Machlup, in his book The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States Nevertheless, it was nearly another three decades later, when the economies of the world have become highly integrated or globalized with market economies and liberalized trade, it was begun to refer to knowledge economy in relation to production and international specialisation or generally to economic growth and development. Comparative cost advantage, as a basis of production and trade propounded by Adam Smith, was being replaced by competitive advantage of economies or countries.
Knowledge economy
Although Adam Smith wrote about the Wealth of Nations, he did not refer to people as the real wealth of nations and the role human skills and knowledge, or in sum, human capital would play in growth and development. With increasing globalization and integration of nations of the world international competitiveness has begun to depend on increase in productivity and innovation entailing value addition, branding and differentiation of products, new products as well as new and niche markets.These depend rather more on human resource development than physical capital, with reforms in tertiary education entailing increasing vocationalisation and professionalisation of it advancement in S and T, enhancement of R and D and Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
The application of knowledge is manifest in all these areas and knowledge has become the key to competitiveness and growth in the global economy. Knowledge, in this context, expands people’s possibilities and thereby help to increase the wealth of nations.
To sum up, knowledge economy is one that creates, disseminates and inputs or uses knowledge to promote growth and development.
| Buzzword |
| Kingpin of organization of production Used for first in 1962 Generally referred to economic growth, development Uses knowledge to promote growth Should be harnessed through resource development |
In the context of development, the knowledge economy comprises four major areas or pillars. They are:
*The Environment (enabling environment promoting entrepreneurship and good business),
*ICT,
*Human resource development or investment in human capital and
*Innovation.
Good governance
There is no scope here to dwell upon them in detail but for the completeness of my presentation, I would briefly outline them; Firstly what is meant by environment? It is an enabling environment with good governance, incentives, facilitating rules, regulations and labour laws, etc., where the private sector can be innovative and entrepreneurial in doing and undertaking business and investment.I need not discuss the ICT, as it is generally known and also as it will be the focus of discussion by you in the remaining time of this seminar.
The third pillar, human resource development requires reforms in education to gear or orient it so as to meet the manpower demand of the economy and this involves primarily, the improvement of quality and relevance of tertiary education and increased equity of access to it for a large bulk of the population to whom it has been hitherto denied.
The last one, innovation is crucial in a highly competitive world for it is able to push outward the boundaries of what is possible. It entails increasing investment in R and D for adaptation of existing technology and adoption of new and appropriate technology such as nano technology to suit our local conditions so as to improve the techniques of production, produce new brands and new products and create more value for existing products etc. so as to improve overall productivity and enhance competitiveness and thereby growth.
Direct nexus
Although there is a direct nexus between the knowledge economy and economic growth and development, there is no proper measure or accurate indicator of the level of the knowledge economy of a country. How about the Human Development Index (HDI) which is the measure we use at present to denote human development?I looked at seven countries of Asia, arranged in descending order of value of their HDI (of 2010), namely Republic of Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, People’s Republic of China, Sri Lanka, Vietnam and India, in relation to their respective growth rates (of 2007, avoiding the years of recession).
The four countries at the bottom of the scale had higher growth rates of more than 7 percent with China leading with double-digit growth, while Korea, Singapore and Malaysia at the top of the scale had growth rates of 5.1 percent, 8.1 percent and 6 percent respectively. The direct correlation or nexus between knowledge and growth is not established here because of the limitation of the HDI itself and not due to absence of such relationship.
Human resource development
For HDI incorporates into it education only in so far as it is reflected by the level of literacy and school enrolment. It does not bring into it components such as enrolment in higher education, S and T (including ICT) capability and R and D level which are the real drivers of human resource development and knowledge economy and are essential ingredients for rapid growth.This is clearly vindicated by the fact that Korea, China, Singapore and India have had relatively very high growth rates. The first three of them had their R and D level exceeding 1.5 percent of GDP with India fast catching up that level, compared with Sri Lanka’s less than 0.15 or one tenth of it. They also have been making rapid strides in. ICT and making heavy investment in tertiary education.
For example, the number of telephones and internet users, per 100 people had increased several fold in all these four countries between 2000 and 2008 with the numbers respectively standing in 2008 at 138 and 75.8 in Korea, 170 and 69.6 in Singapore and 74 and 22.5 in China, compared to Sri Lanka’s 72 and 7.0. Korea also is reported to have the highest broadband penetration in the world.
In regard to tertiary education of these countries, it is noteworthy that more than 50 percent of the people of the age cohort in Korea attend a tertiary level institute, while in China more than 50 percent of the students at university follow an S and T related subject, and Singapore’s second biggest item of government expenditure is education, whereas in Sri Lanka enrolment in tertiary education (in both private and public sector institutions) is estimated to be less than 15 percent of the age cohort.
There is no doubt that the knowledge economy is responsible for making China and Singapore the fastest growing countries in Asia, and for that matter in the whole world, in the last decade.
They can be taken as good examples of emerging knowledge economies at a global level with India following closely behind while a place like Silicon Valley in the United States may be taken as a pocket knowledge economy at a country level, where knowledge is created, disseminated and used, as stated earlier, to promote growth and development. So much for the nexus or synergy between knowledge economy and growth. Let me now briefly examine, in this context, the Sri Lankan scenario.
The case of Sri Lanka
The transformation of the economy
There has been a marked transformation of the Sri Lankan Economy in the last six decades. We inherited from the British Raj in the late 1940s a primary producing export economy. that was exporting tea, rubber and coconut in primary form without much processing or value addition and meeting our import needs of foods and other consumer goods with the income received from those exports. The primary sector accounted for nearly 50 percent of the GDP and nearly two thirds of the total employment at that time i.e. in the 1950s of the 20th century. This can be termed the first phase. As development proceeded, agriculture sector was relatively shrinking and was giving way to manufacturing largely for import substitution. This was the second phase, in the 60s and the early 70s.With the opening of the economy in the late seventies (end of 1977), while the manufacturing sector continued to grow relatively to agricultural sector, the services sector began expanding much faster than either of them, and by the end of the first decade of the next 21st century, the sectoral composition of the economy has so much changed as to transform the economy from an agriculture based economy to a services dominated one.
Libya attack photoes...
Full force: A huge explosion engulfs several cars with Gaddafi forces today as the full allied assault gets underway
Aftemath: A bus burns on the outskirts of Benghazi while the road to Alwayfiyah is littered with burnt out tanks
A tank belonging to Gaddafi forces explodes in a ball of flames after an air strike by allied forces
The head of the Arab League has criticized international strikes on Libya, saying they caused civilian deaths. The Arab League's support for a no-fly zone last week helped overcome reluctance in the West for action in Libya. The U.N. authorized not only a no-fly zone but also "all necessary measures" to protect civilians. Amr Moussa says the military operations have gone beyond what the Arab League backed. He said: 'What we want is civilians' protection not shelling more civilians.'
Russia called for a stop to the 'indiscriminate' use of force that it said had killed civilians and that the air strikes went beyond the mandate of the UN Security Council resolution.
Alexander Lukashevich foreign ministry spokesman for the Kremlin said that U.S. and European air raids had killed 48 civilians and a medical centre was partially destroyed. Russia also announced this afternoon that it was evacuating some of its diplomatic staff and citizens from Tripoli through Tunisia in the coming days.
Italian officials said on Sunday that they would do whatever it takes to free the crew of an Italian tugboat apparently seized by Libyan officials at Tripoli's port as U.S. and European airstrikes enforced a no-fly zone over Libya.
A bombed out tank hit in what is believed to have been a French airstrike
A huge explosion follows an air strike this morning hitting vehicles along the road from Benghazi to Ajdabiyah
Rebel fighters soon arrived at the scene of the bombings
A man celebrates while shouting "Allahu Akbar" (God is the greatest!) as a huge explosion follows a direct hit. Meanwhile a rebel fighter shows official government documents found at the scene of an attack
Defense Minister Ignazio La Russa said Sunday that Italy was prepared to evacuate the crew "with every possible means".
Foreign Minister Franco Frattini said the situation was fluid and confusing, but that he couldn't exclude that it amounted to a seizure. He said Eni, Italy's oil and gas giant which has significant interests in Libya, had rented the tug for use at oil platforms off the coast.
'Now they're taking it to the base of an Eni refinery,' Frattini said. 'We don't know what their intentions are, but we obviously can't exclude that we're dealing with a seizure, given that it's still a confused situation.'
Colonel Gaddafi today branded the allied attacks 'terrorism' and Libyan officials said that 64 people had been killed as a result of the aerial bombardment.
He also said that Libyan forces on the ground would be victorious, adding he would never leave the country and claimed to be arming a million people to defend him and the capital, Tripoli.
A Royal Navy Trafalgar-class submarine stationed in the Mediterranean took part in the co-ordinated assault, which also involved forces from the U.S., France, Italy and Canada under the operational control of US Africa Command.
A British nuclear-powered submarine was among the vessels in the Mediterranean that targeted Gaddafi’s defences near Tripoli and the town of Misurata.
Outside Tripoli it is believed that an Italian tugboat has been seized earlier today with several people on board. Italian officials have said they will do whatever it takes to free the crew
Rejoicing: Rebels today show they are happy that coalition forces have enforced the no-fly zone
The assault was led by the United States, which also has Tomahawk-equipped submarines in the region. Chancellor George Osborne said this morning: 'We are not considering ground forces at the moment. 'We are undertaking operations from our Navy, through the submarine-launched cruise missiles and the RAF and the Tornado planes the flew missions last night.'
He added: 'We are there to enforce a cease fire and protect the civilian population,' he said. 'We are not there to put an occupying force into the country.
'This is all about creating the space for the Libyan people to take their own decisions for the future and not be under vicious military assault from their own government.
Four tanks destroyed by the allied aerial assault continue to smoulder in al-Wyfiyah 35 km West of Benghazi
Vehicles belonging to forces loyal to Gaddafi burn after the air strike by coalition forces on a road between Benghazi and Ajdabiyah
'I don't think the Libyan government and Colonel Gaddafi should be in any doubt that we will enforce the will of the United Nations.' Defence Secretary Liam Fox said: 'The fast jets flew 3,000 miles from RAF Marham and back, making this the longest range bombing mission conducted by the RAF since the Falklands conflict.
'This operation was supported by VC10 and Tristar air-to-air refuelling aircraft as well as E3D Sentry and Sentinel surveillance aircraft.'
Dr Fox said HMS Westminster was off the coast of Libya, and HMS Cumberland was in the region ready to support operations. Typhoon aircraft were also standing by to provide support.
More...
A rebel fighter makes a victory as he walks amid the aftermath of an allied attack on pro-government forces
A Libyan man holds ammunition gathered from the bodies of Gaddafi loyalists
Last night, the US Pentagon reported that 112 Tomahawk missiles had been fired from both US and British ships and submarines in Operation Odyssey Dawn while three B-2 stealth bombers from the U.S. have dropped 40 bombs on Libyan airfields. He added: 'Our capable and adaptable armed forces are once again displaying their courage and professionalism. This action has provided a strong signal - the international community will not stand by while the Libyan people suffer under the Gaddafi regime.'
A spokesman said: ‘The missiles struck more than 20 integrated air-defence systems and other defence facilities ashore. These strikes were carefully co-ordinated with our coalition partners.
‘The targets themselves were selected based on a collective assessment that the sites either pose a direct threat to the coalition pilots or, through use by the regime, pose a direct threat to the people of Libya.
‘I want to stress that this is just the first phase of what will likely be a multi-phased military operation designed to enforce the United Nations resolution and deny the Libyan regime the ability to use force against its own people.’
He added that most of the locations targeted were on or near the coast. The British submarine involved in the operation, codenamed Operation Ellamy by the UK military, was the 130-crew HMS Triumph. It can carry up to 30 weapons, including Tomahawk missiles and heavy torpedoes.
The Royal Navy bought 65 Tomahawks in 1995 at a cost of $1 million (£650,000) each from US defence firm Raytheon Systems. Two American destroyers, the USS Barry and Stout, have been deployed. According to a Pentagon source, each carries up to 96 Tomahawk missiles.
The charred remains of cars belonging to dozens of Gaddafi loyalists litter the sides of roads on the outskirts of Benghazi
A rebel fighter looks at burning vehicles belonging to Gaddafi forces
Two amphibious assault ships, the USS Ponce and Kearsarge, carrying 1,600 Marines, anti-missile defence systems and helicopter fleets, were also off the Libyan coast, as was the command support vessel USS Mount Whitney. An aircraft carrier, USS Enterprise, equipped with dozens of fighter planes, was reported to be heading for the area. ‘The total number of Tomahawks in our inventory is classified but I don’t think there’s any danger of running out,’ the spokesman said. ‘The bigger danger is we know virtually nothing about who’s going to control Libya after we wipe out Gaddafi.’
As the attacks began yesterday, Libyan state TV claimed that ‘civilian’ targets in Tripoli were being bombarded by ‘planes of crusader enemies’. It later added that the international coalition had also 'targeted ‘fuel stores’ for Misurata, which Gaddafi’s forces attacked with tanks and heavy artillery on Friday, killing more than 40 people.
Gaddafi appeared on TV to say he was opening up munition stores to the people. He said: ‘It is now necessary to open the stores and arm all the masses with all types of weapons to defend the independence, unity and honour of Libya.’
Last night there were reports of loud explosions east of Tripoli amid unconfirmed reports that the Tomahawks had successfully hit Gaddafi’s air traffic control installations and aircraft hangars.
It followed a day of high drama in which tanks and armoured vehicles were also destroyed in air strikes by French warplanes after pro-Gaddafi forces attacked the rebel stronghold of Benghazi in violation of the UN resolution.
About 20 French Rafale and Mirage warplanes were involved in the first phase of the operation. France last night denied that one of its aircraft had been shot down. The French were quick to acknowledge the success of their own role. ‘Yes, we have destroyed a number of tanks and armoured vehicles,’ said a French official.
It was later reported that four Libyan tanks had been hit to the south-west of Benghazi. The final decision to launch military action was taken at an emergency summit in Paris attended by world leaders, including David Cameron, who declared that ‘the time for action has come’.
Along with European and North American allies, a number of Arab nations signed up to a communique pledging ‘all necessary action’ to bring an end to the ‘grave and massive violations of humanitarian law’ being committed by Gaddafi.
Countries including Canada, Denmark, Spain and Norway were sending planes while Italy said it would permit the use of air bases such as Sigonella in Sicily and Aviano in the north to launch sorties.
An elderly rebel fighter gestures in front of a destroyed tank while the turret of a tank belonging to Gaddafi forces lies on the ground after an air assault
At war: The U.S. navy Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer launches a Tomahawk missile at Libyan air defences in Operation Odyssey Dawn
A Tomahawk missile launches from USS Stout as part of Operation Odyssey Dawn
British jets are performing a range of tasks, with RAF Tornados aiming at targets on the ground, Typhoon fighters performing air combat sorties, and AWACS planes and Sentinel R1s helping with mapping the ground and reconnaissance. It is understood they will be based in southern Italy under the overall command of the United States naval base in Naples. Three US submarines carrying Tomahawk missiles were in the Mediterranean poised to bombard Libya’s air defences and runways to enforce the no-fly zone, according to a defence official.
Signalling the start of the international offensive, French warplanes took off in the afternoon from their base at Saint-Dizier in eastern France. The French aircraft fired the first shots at 4.45pm.
At RAF Marham in Norfolk, Tornado GR4 bombers were prepared by ground crews from early morning. Lorries carrying missiles were taken to the shelters where the Tornados are housed. Shortly after 8pm, a pair of GR4s were seen preparing to take off.
Similar preparations were made at RAF Coningsby in Lincolnshire, where Typhoons were spotted yesterday.
Two 1,500mph Tornado jets from RAF Lossiemouth in Scotland were flown to Marham just before 11.30am to join the massive build-up. Later, two warplanes, F-15 Strike Eagle ground-attack jets, took off from nearby Lakenheath, from where US planes left in 1986 to bomb Libya.
Meanwhile, Canada has committed six F-18 fighter jets. Spain is deploying a submarine, a frigate and a surveillance plane.
A Danish F-16 this afternoon seen taking of from the Nato airbase in Sigonella on Sicily
Night vision: Tomahawk cruise missiles fired from USS Barry in the Mediterranean Sea
Lockerbie bomber flees Tripoli
Lockerbie bomber Abdelbaset Al Megrahi was among thousands evacuated in Libya yesterday.The 58-year-old was moved from his family home in Tripoli to a secure unit. ‘We know targets are already being worked out by the West, and Brother Al Megrahi is certain to be high on the list,’ said an impeccably placed source within Gaddafi’s regime, which views the bomber as a national hero.
The source, who helped negotiate the convicted murderer’s 2009 release from a Scottish prison, added: ‘It would make life very easy for the West if Al Megrahi was no longer a problem – we will do everything we can to protect him.’
Plain-clothes police and armed soldiers were still visible around Al Megrahi’s home in the New Damascus district of Tripoli, but neighbours confirmed he had been moved. ‘The government does not want him here – it is too dangerous,’ said one.
Military strike is 'necessary, legal and right,' says Cameron
A sombre David Cameron stood on the steps of 10 Downing Street last night and praised the bravery of British forces who have gone into action to crush Colonel Gaddafi.The U.S. military said 112 Tomahawk cruise missiles were fired from American and British ships in the first phase of Operation Odyssey Dawn.
Britain, the U.S., France, Canada and Italy were all launching strikes in the biggest international military intervention in the Arab world since the 2003 Iraq war.
Strike force: Tornado GR4 bombers at RAF Marham yesterday
Speaking on his return from a Paris war summit with French President Nicolas Sarkozy and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, David Cameron vowed to ‘stop this dictator who murders his own people’. He hailed British airmen and sailors involved in the first waves of attacks last night as ‘the bravest of the brave’.
‘Tonight British forces are in action over Libya,’ he said. ‘They are part of an international coalition that has come together to enforce the will of the United Nations and to protect the Libyan people.
‘We have all seen the appalling brutality that Colonel Gaddafi has meted out against his own people. And far from introducing the ceasefire he spoke about, he has actually stepped up the attacks and the brutality that we can all see.
‘So what we are doing is necessary, it is legal and it is right. It is necessary because with others we should be trying to prevent him using his military against his own people.
‘It is legal because we have the backing of the UN Security Council and also of the Arab League and many others. And it is right because I believe that we should not stand aside while this dictator murders his own people.’
Longtime Libyan leader Gaddafi vowed to defend his country from what he called 'crusader aggression' and warned the involvement of international forces will subject the Mediterranean and North African region to danger and put civilians at risk.
Scrambled: A Rafale jet fighter leaves Saint-Dizier, eastern France
Thousands of regime supporters, meanwhile, packed into the sprawling Bab al-Aziziya military camp in Tripoli where Gaddafi lives to protect against attacks. He said the international action against his forces was unjustified, calling it 'simply a colonial crusader aggression that may ignite another large-scale crusader war.'
A UK submarine is understood to have been stationed in the Mediterranean for some time without being detected.
Earlier in the day, speaking at the Paris war summit heralding the start of military action, the Prime Minister pledged to stop the ‘slaughter’ of Libyan civilians by the Gaddafi regime. He sent an uncompromising message to the Tripoli government as he joined Mr Sarkozy and Ms Clinton at the Elysee Palace.
Mr Cameron said: ‘What is absolutely clear is that Gaddafi has broken his word, broken the ceasefire and continues to slaughter his own civilians.
‘This has to stop, we have to make it stop. We have to make him face the consequences. So I think it is vitally important that action takes place and takes place urgently.
'There will always be unforeseen consequences of taking action but it is better to take this action than to risk the consequences of inaction which is the further slaughter of civilians by this dictator.' flouting the United Nations and its will.
‘With the United Nations behind us, with the clear legality of this action and with local countries supporting us as well, it is right to act.’
Enlarge
Mr Cameron’s diplomatic triumph over Libya was secured by deliberately rejecting Tony Blair’s tactics over the Iraq War.
Throughout the bargaining of the past three weeks, the Prime Minister has been acutely aware of the controversies that have dogged his predecessor since the 2003 invasion. Mr Cameron’s diplomatic triumph over Libya was secured by deliberately rejecting Tony Blair’s tactics over the Iraq War.Tellingly, at a specially convened Cabinet meeting on Friday morning, Mr Cameron circulated the advice of Attorney General Dominic Grieve showing that the UK had a ‘clear and unequivocal legal basis’ for taking action.
It all formed a striking contrast to the rows that raged between Mr Blair and his Attorney General, Lord Goldsmith, in the run-up to the Iraq War. Mr Goldsmith advised
Mr Blair that a single UN resolution was not sufficient to authorise force, but he was overruled, and Mr Blair fought for years to keep his advice secret.
President Sarkozy said the international community was acting to protect the people of Libya from ‘the murderous madness of a regime which by killing its own people has forfeited legitimacy’.
The official communique released after the summit warned the Libyan dictator that the countries ‘were determined to take all necessary action, including military’ to enforce the UN no-fly zone resolution.
The statement was signed by a number of Arab nations, as well as countries including Canada, Denmark, Spain and Norway. Italy said it would permit the use of air bases such as Sigonella in Sicily.
Mrs Clinton, in the spotlight while President Obama is in Brazil, said that the US would use its ‘unique capabilities’ to support the air missions, which US officials indicated would involve missile attacks on Libya’s air defences by US warships stationed in the Mediterranean.
Speaking from Brazil, President Obama said: ‘The use of force is never our first choice. But we cannot stand idly by while a tyrant says that there will be no mercy.
‘Actions have consequences.’
enjoy
.. 3 Easy Ways to Die :
Take a Cigar daily - You will die 10 years early.
Drink Rum daily - You will die 30 years early.
Love Someone Truly - You will die daily.
1. A foolish man tells a woman to STOP talking, but a WISE man tells
her that she looks extremely BEAUTIFUL when her LIPS are CLOSED.
2.. One GOOD way to REDUCE Alcohol consumption :
Before Marriage - Drink whenever you are SAD
After Marriage - Drink whenever you are HAPPY
3. Three FASTEST means of Communication :
1. Tele-Phone
2. Tele-Vision
3. Tell to Woman
Need still FASTER - Tell her NOT to tell ANYONE.
4.. Love your friends not their sisters. Love your sisters not their friends.
5. A man got 2 wishes from GOD. He asked for the Best wine and Best Woman..
Next moment, he had the Best Wine and Mother Teresa next to him.
Moral : BE SPECIFIC
6.. Let us be generous like this : Four Ants are moving through a forest.
They see an ELEPHANT coming towards them.
Ant 1 says : we should KILL him.
Ant 2 says : No, Let us break his Leg alone.
Ant 3 says : No, we will just throw him away from our path.
Ant 4 says : No, we will LEAVE him because he is ALONE and we are FOUR.
7. If you do NOT have a Girl Friend - You are missing SOME thing in your life.
If you HAVE a Girl Friend - You are missing EVERY thing in your life.
8.. Question : When do you CONGRATULATE someone for their MISTAKE.
Answer : On their MARRIAGE.
9. When your LIFE is in DARKNESS, PRAY GOD and ask him to free you from Darkness.
Even after you pray, if U R still in Darkness - Please PAY the ELECTRICITY BILL.
10. Why Government do NOT allow a Man to MARRY 2 Women.
Because per Constitution, you can NOT BE PUNISHED TWICE for the same Mistake.
Take a Cigar daily - You will die 10 years early.
Drink Rum daily - You will die 30 years early.
Love Someone Truly - You will die daily.
1. A foolish man tells a woman to STOP talking, but a WISE man tells
her that she looks extremely BEAUTIFUL when her LIPS are CLOSED.
2.. One GOOD way to REDUCE Alcohol consumption :
Before Marriage - Drink whenever you are SAD
After Marriage - Drink whenever you are HAPPY
3. Three FASTEST means of Communication :
1. Tele-Phone
2. Tele-Vision
3. Tell to Woman
Need still FASTER - Tell her NOT to tell ANYONE.
4.. Love your friends not their sisters. Love your sisters not their friends.
5. A man got 2 wishes from GOD. He asked for the Best wine and Best Woman..
Next moment, he had the Best Wine and Mother Teresa next to him.
Moral : BE SPECIFIC
6.. Let us be generous like this : Four Ants are moving through a forest.
They see an ELEPHANT coming towards them.
Ant 1 says : we should KILL him.
Ant 2 says : No, Let us break his Leg alone.
Ant 3 says : No, we will just throw him away from our path.
Ant 4 says : No, we will LEAVE him because he is ALONE and we are FOUR.
7. If you do NOT have a Girl Friend - You are missing SOME thing in your life.
If you HAVE a Girl Friend - You are missing EVERY thing in your life.
8.. Question : When do you CONGRATULATE someone for their MISTAKE.
Answer : On their MARRIAGE.
9. When your LIFE is in DARKNESS, PRAY GOD and ask him to free you from Darkness.
Even after you pray, if U R still in Darkness - Please PAY the ELECTRICITY BILL.
10. Why Government do NOT allow a Man to MARRY 2 Women.
Because per Constitution, you can NOT BE PUNISHED TWICE for the same Mistake.
Maampoove chiru mainaave (மாம்பூவே சிறு மைனாவே)
கிராமிய இசையிலும் கிராமிய பாடல் வரிகளிலும் அழகான குரல்கள் தெரிவிலும் அருமையான பாடல்.
திரைப் படம்: மச்சானைப் பார்த்தீங்களா (1978)
இசை: சந்திர போஸ்
நடிப்பு: சிவகுமார், ஸ்ரீதேவி
இயக்கம்: V C குக நாதன்
மாம்பூவே...சிறு மைனாவே...
எங்க ராஜாத்தி ரோஜா செடி..
முள்ளிருக்கும் கள்ளிருக்கும்..
நினைக்கையில் இனிப்பாக இருக்குறா..ஆ ஆ ஆ ஆ
நெருங்கையில் நெருப்பாக கொதிக்கிறா
புத்தம் புதுசு வெள்ளி கொலுசு
சத்தங்கள் கொண்டாட
சித்திர பொண்ணு செவ்வள்ளிக் கண்ணு
சங்கீத பண் பாட...
கட்டு கருங்குழல் பட்டு தளிருடல் பின்புறம் நின்றாட
கொத்தடி சேலை கட்டிய வண்ணம் பல்லக்கு ஒன்றாட
அழகான மான் அதற்காக நான்
பழகாத நாளெல்லாம் துயிலாத நாள்
ஓ ஓ ஓ ஓ ஓ ஓ ஓ
மாம்பூவே சிறு மைனாவே
நான் மச்சானின் பச்சை கிளி
தொற்றிக்கொள்ள தோள் கொடுத்தான்
எனக்கது சுகமாக இருக்குது...ஆ ஆ ஆ
என் மனம் எங்கெங்கோ பறக்குது
மஞ்சக் குருத்து பிஞ்சுக் கழுத்து
மன்னவன் பூச்சூட
மூக்குத்தி வண்ணம் மின்னுர கன்னம்
மஞ்சத்தில் முத்தாட
அந்தி கருக்களில் ஆற்றங்கரையினில் சந்திக்க சொன்னதென்ன..
என்னை அணைக்கையில் தன்னை மறந்தவன் சிந்திச்சி நின்னதென்ன
மடல் வாழை மேல்... குளிர் வாடை போல்
அவனோடு நான் ஆடும் பொழுதெல்லாம் தேன்
மாம்பூவே சிறு மைனாவே
நான் மச்சானின் பச்சை கிளி
தொற்றிக்கொள்ள தோள் கொடுத்தான்
எனக்கது சுகமாக இருக்குது...ஆ ஆ ஆ
என் மனம் எங்கெங்கோ பறக்குது
என் மனம் எங்கெங்கோ பறக்குது
என் மனம் எங்கெங்கோ பறக்குது
என் மனம் எங்கெங்கோ பறக்குது
ஓ ஓ ஓ ஓ ஓ ஓ ஓ ஓ
Read more: http://asokarajanandaraj.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2011-09-02T05:10:00-07:00&max-results=7#ixzz1ZgpkTbdE
திரைப் படம்: மச்சானைப் பார்த்தீங்களா (1978)
இசை: சந்திர போஸ்
நடிப்பு: சிவகுமார், ஸ்ரீதேவி
இயக்கம்: V C குக நாதன்
மாம்பூவே...சிறு மைனாவே...
எங்க ராஜாத்தி ரோஜா செடி..
முள்ளிருக்கும் கள்ளிருக்கும்..
நினைக்கையில் இனிப்பாக இருக்குறா..ஆ ஆ ஆ ஆ
நெருங்கையில் நெருப்பாக கொதிக்கிறா
புத்தம் புதுசு வெள்ளி கொலுசு
சத்தங்கள் கொண்டாட
சித்திர பொண்ணு செவ்வள்ளிக் கண்ணு
சங்கீத பண் பாட...
கட்டு கருங்குழல் பட்டு தளிருடல் பின்புறம் நின்றாட
கொத்தடி சேலை கட்டிய வண்ணம் பல்லக்கு ஒன்றாட
அழகான மான் அதற்காக நான்
பழகாத நாளெல்லாம் துயிலாத நாள்
ஓ ஓ ஓ ஓ ஓ ஓ ஓ
மாம்பூவே சிறு மைனாவே
நான் மச்சானின் பச்சை கிளி
தொற்றிக்கொள்ள தோள் கொடுத்தான்
எனக்கது சுகமாக இருக்குது...ஆ ஆ ஆ
என் மனம் எங்கெங்கோ பறக்குது
மஞ்சக் குருத்து பிஞ்சுக் கழுத்து
மன்னவன் பூச்சூட
மூக்குத்தி வண்ணம் மின்னுர கன்னம்
மஞ்சத்தில் முத்தாட
அந்தி கருக்களில் ஆற்றங்கரையினில் சந்திக்க சொன்னதென்ன..
என்னை அணைக்கையில் தன்னை மறந்தவன் சிந்திச்சி நின்னதென்ன
மடல் வாழை மேல்... குளிர் வாடை போல்
அவனோடு நான் ஆடும் பொழுதெல்லாம் தேன்
மாம்பூவே சிறு மைனாவே
நான் மச்சானின் பச்சை கிளி
தொற்றிக்கொள்ள தோள் கொடுத்தான்
எனக்கது சுகமாக இருக்குது...ஆ ஆ ஆ
என் மனம் எங்கெங்கோ பறக்குது
என் மனம் எங்கெங்கோ பறக்குது
என் மனம் எங்கெங்கோ பறக்குது
என் மனம் எங்கெங்கோ பறக்குது
ஓ ஓ ஓ ஓ ஓ ஓ ஓ ஓ
Read more: http://asokarajanandaraj.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2011-09-02T05:10:00-07:00&max-results=7#ixzz1ZgpkTbdE
Miracle Drink : Carrot, Beet Root and Apple
Miracle Drink : Carrot, Beet Root and Apple
This MIRACLE DRINK has been circulating for a long time long ago. It is worth your while to take note. There is a celebrity Mr. Seto who swears by it. He wants to make it public to draw the attention of people who have cancers. This is a drink that can protect bad cells forming in your body or it will restrain its growth! Mr. Seto had lung cancer. He was recommended to take this drink by a famous Herbalist from China. He has taken this drink diligently for 3 months and now his health is restored, and he is ready to take a pleasure trip. Thanks to this drink! It does not hurt for you to try.
It is like a Miracle Drink! It is simple.
You need one beet root, one carrot and one apple that combine together to make the JUICE !
Wash the above, cut with the skin on into pieces and put them into the juicer and immediately you drink the juice. You can add some lime or lemon for more refreshing taste.
This Miracle Drink will be effective for the following ailments:
1. Prevent cancer cells to develop. It will restrain cancer cells to grow.
2. Prevent liver, kidney, pancreas disease and it can cure ulcer as well.
3. Strengthen the lung, prevent heart attack and high blood pressure.
4. Strengthen the immune system
5. Good for the eyesight, eliminate red and tired eyes or dry eyes
6. Help to eliminate pain from physical training, muscle ache
7. Detoxify, assist bowel movement, eliminate constipation. Therefore it will make skin healthy & LOOK more radiant. It is God sent for acne problem.
8. Improve bad breath due to indigestion, throat infection,
9. Lessen menstrual pain
10. Assist Hay Fever Sufferer from Hay Fever attack.
There is absolutely no side effect. Highly nutritious and easily absorbs! Very effective if you need to loose weight. You will notice your immune system will be improved after 2 week routine. Please make sure to drink immediately from the juicer for best effect.
WHEN TO DRINK IT;
DRINK IT FIRST THING IN THE MORNING WITH THE EMPTY STOMACH!
AFTER ONE HOUR YOU CAN EAT BREAKFAST. FOR FAST RESULTS
DRINK 2 TIMES A DAY, IN THE MORNING AND BEFORE 5 P.M.
YOU WILL NEVER REGRET! IT DOES NOT COST YOU MUCH MONEY!
PLEASE CIRCULATE TO YOUR FAMILY AND FRIENDS.
This MIRACLE DRINK has been circulating for a long time long ago. It is worth your while to take note. There is a celebrity Mr. Seto who swears by it. He wants to make it public to draw the attention of people who have cancers. This is a drink that can protect bad cells forming in your body or it will restrain its growth! Mr. Seto had lung cancer. He was recommended to take this drink by a famous Herbalist from China. He has taken this drink diligently for 3 months and now his health is restored, and he is ready to take a pleasure trip. Thanks to this drink! It does not hurt for you to try.
It is like a Miracle Drink! It is simple.
You need one beet root, one carrot and one apple that combine together to make the JUICE !
Wash the above, cut with the skin on into pieces and put them into the juicer and immediately you drink the juice. You can add some lime or lemon for more refreshing taste.
This Miracle Drink will be effective for the following ailments:
1. Prevent cancer cells to develop. It will restrain cancer cells to grow.
2. Prevent liver, kidney, pancreas disease and it can cure ulcer as well.
3. Strengthen the lung, prevent heart attack and high blood pressure.
4. Strengthen the immune system
5. Good for the eyesight, eliminate red and tired eyes or dry eyes
6. Help to eliminate pain from physical training, muscle ache
7. Detoxify, assist bowel movement, eliminate constipation. Therefore it will make skin healthy & LOOK more radiant. It is God sent for acne problem.
8. Improve bad breath due to indigestion, throat infection,
9. Lessen menstrual pain
10. Assist Hay Fever Sufferer from Hay Fever attack.
There is absolutely no side effect. Highly nutritious and easily absorbs! Very effective if you need to loose weight. You will notice your immune system will be improved after 2 week routine. Please make sure to drink immediately from the juicer for best effect.
WHEN TO DRINK IT;
DRINK IT FIRST THING IN THE MORNING WITH THE EMPTY STOMACH!
AFTER ONE HOUR YOU CAN EAT BREAKFAST. FOR FAST RESULTS
DRINK 2 TIMES A DAY, IN THE MORNING AND BEFORE 5 P.M.
YOU WILL NEVER REGRET! IT DOES NOT COST YOU MUCH MONEY!
PLEASE CIRCULATE TO YOUR FAMILY AND FRIENDS.
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