amudu: Do You Know People With Less Give More

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

Do You Know People With Less Give More

In a series of experiments, a team of researchers at UC Berkeley found that people of lower socioeconomic status are actually more altruistic than those higher on the economic ladder.

That finding is consistent with national survey results showing that lower-income people donate a greater percentage of their income to charity than upper-income people do.

A second experiment built on this finding, suggesting that there’s something about the specific psychological experience of having less that induces people to give more. Piff and his colleagues, including Greater Good Science Center Faculty Dacher Keltner, had participants engage in an exercise that made them feel like they were either of higher or lower status. Then the participants had to say how they thought people should divide up their annual income—on food, recreation, charitable donations, or other items.

In one of these experiments, the researchers, led by doctoral student Paul Piff, gave participants the opportunity to share $10 with an anonymous stranger. A few days earlier, the participants had all filled out a questionnaire in which they reported their socioeconomic status. The results showed that people who had placed themselves lower on the social scale were actually more generous than upper-class participants were.

Those made to feel lower on the social totem pole said that a higher percentage should be spent on charity.

So what is it about being less well-off that causes people to be more generous?

In other experiments, the researchers found evidence that lower-class participants’ greater tendency to perform kind, helpful—or “pro-social”—behaviour could be explained by their greater concern for egalitarian values and the well-being of other people, and their stronger feelings of compassion for others.

However, the researchers also found that when they induced feelings of compassion in upper-class participants, those people showed just as much pro-social behaviour as lower-class participants. This suggests to the researchers that the rich aren’t as generous as the poor because they don’t typically feel as much compassion for others.

Piff and his colleagues argue that the poor may feel more compassion because they are more connected to those around them, psychologically and socially. They are more dependent on other people to get by, for instance, and previous research has found that, perhaps as a result of that dependency, they display more empathy and are more attuned to other people’s body language than the rich. On the flip side, as people attain higher status, their ability to take others’ perspectives is diminished.

Psychology Today reports that a study comparing low and high-income individuals revealed that "low income or low social class participants were more generous and believed they should give more of their annual income to charity (4.95 per cent vs. 2.95 per cent)." The study also suggested that the low income or low social class participants were "more likely to trust strangers and showed more helping behaviour towards someone in distress.”

Why do those who have less give more, relatively speaking? Part of the reason might be that they are more compassionate and more sensitive to the need of others. Psychologists refer to their way of thinking as a “contextualist tendency” marked by an external focus on what is going on in their environment and with other people.

On the other hand, those who have more tend to be self-centred with “solipsistic tendencies” that are concentrated on their own internal states, goals, motivations, and emotions.

The Psychology Today articles conclude, "There is no denying that wealth can provide comfort and security, and a lack of it can produce real hardships. But once our basic needs and even some comforts are met, psychologists suggest there might be greater value in experiencing compassion for others and acting on this impulse."

That the compassion manipulation eliminated class differences in prosocial behaviour suggests that upper- and lower-class individuals do not necessarily differ in their capacity for prosocial behaviour. Rather, those in lower socioeconomic classes may be higher in baseline levels of compassion than their upper-class counterparts — probably because they have seen more suffering. And it may be this differential that — unless moderated — drives class-based differences in prosociality.