Njrtoikr; rl;lk; - Xh; mwpKfk;
Intruduction of “Law of Thesawalamai”
Mr. P. Sivananthan,
mwpKfk;
,yq;if kf;fshfpa ehq;fs; gy;NtW tifahd rl;lq;fshy; Msg;gl;LtUfpNwhk;. mtw;Ws; Njrtoikr; rl;lKk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. Njrtoikr; rl;lkhdJ Mjdq;fs; njhlh;gpYk; Ml;fs; njhlh;gpYk; ,d;Dk; tlkhfhzj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;LtUk; xU typikahd rl;lkhFk;.
lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; ,yq;ifia Ml;rp nra;J nfhz;bUe;j NghJ 1704k; Mz;bNy aho;g;ghzj;jpy; tho;e;j jkpo; kf;fspd; tof;fhWfs; gw;wp tprhuiznra;J mtw;iwj; njhFf;Fk;gb lr;Rf; fth;dh; irkd;]; mth;fs; aho;g;ghz gl;bdj;jpd; jprhitahf ,pUe;j fpsh]; Irf;(Class Isac) vd;gtiug; gzpj;jpUe;jhh;. mtuhy; lr;R nkhopapy; njhFf;fg;gl;l ,e;j Mtzk; gpd;dh; xd;Wjpul;lg;gl;L jkpopy; nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,J 1814 Mk; Mz;by; gpujk ePjpauruhd Nrh; myf;rhz;lh; N[hd;rd; mth;fshy;; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;lJ. mf;fhyj;jpypUe;J Njrtoikr;rl;k;; rl;l E}ypy; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.
Njrtoikr;rl;lk; ahUf;F Vw;GilajhFk;.
1806 Mk; Mz;bd; 18 Mk; ,yf;f xOq;F tpjp aho;g;ghz khfhzj;jpy; jkpo; kf;fSf;F ,ilNaahd vy;yhg; gpur;ridfSk; my;yJ jkpo; kf;fs; tof;fpy; vjpuhspahf ,Uf;Fkplj;J mit Njrtoik tof;fhWfSf;F ,zq;f KbTnra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk; vdf;$WfpwJ. NkYk;> njhlh;e;J Nehf;fpdhy; Njrtoikr; rl;lkhdJ ,U gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. xd;W “Ms;rhh;” rl;lkhFk;> kw;waJ “,lk;rhh;” rl;lkhFk;.
tof;Fj; jPhg;Gf;fis Nehf;fpdhy; Ms;rhh; rl;lk; vDk;NghJ “aho;g;ghzthrp” vd;w gjj;jpw;F cl;gLk; xUth; mjhtJ jw;Nghija aho;g;ghz khtl;lk;> fpspnehr;rp khtl;lk;> Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lk;> tTdpah khtl;lk;> kd;dhh; khtl;lk; Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy; VjhtJ xd;wpy; epue;ju tjptpl chpikiaAk; tjptpl vz;zj;ijAk; nfhz;l jkpoh; xUth; Njrtoikr; rl;lj;jhy; Msj;jFjpAilatuhthh;. mLj;J Njrtoikr; rl;lkhdJ ,lk;rhh; rl;lk; vd;w fUj;jpy; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l Ie;J khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s mirah Mjdq;fs; mit vtUf;F (jkpoh;> rpq;fsth;> K];ypk;> kw;iwNahh;) nrhe;jkhf ,Ug;gpDk; Njrtoikr; rl;ljjhNyNa Msg;gLk;.
tho;f;ifj;Jiziag; nghWj;jtiu 1911 Mk; Mz;bd; 1Mk; ,yf;f fl;lisr;rl;lj;jpd;(aho;g;ghz jpUkz chpikfSk; topAhpikfSk; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd;) 3Mk; ghpT gpd;tUkhW $WfpwJ.
· Njrtoikr; rl;lk; Vw;Gilajhd ngz; Njrtoikr; rl;lk; Vw;Gilajhfhj Mz; xUtiu jpUkzk; nra;fpd;wtplj;J> mj;jpUkzk; epiyj;jpUf;fpd;w fhyj;jpd;NghJ mts; Njrtoikr; rl;lj;jpw;F mike;jts; Mfkhl;lhs;.
· Njrtoikr; rl;lk; Vw;Gilajhfhj ngz; Njrtoikr; rl;lk; Vw;Gilajhfpd;w xU Mizj; jpUkzk; nra;fpd;wNghJ mj; jpUkzk; epiyj;jpUf;fpd;w fhyj;jpd; NghJ> mts; Njrtoikr; rl;lj;jpw;F mike;jts; Mths;.
Njrtoikr; rl;lj;jpy; jpUkzk; njhlh;ghd tplaq;fs;.
Njrtoikr; rl;lj;jhy; Msg;gLNthUf;F jpUkz chpikfSk; topAhpikfSk; fl;lisr;rl;lk;> kzg;ngz;bh; Mjdr;rl;lk; Mfpa rl;lq;fs; Vw;GiladthfhJ. ,th;fis aho;g;ghz jpUkz chpikfSk; topAhpikfSk; fl;lisr;rl;lk;(1911)> 1947 Mk; Mz;bd; 58 Mk; ,yf;f jpUj;jf; fl;lisr;; rl;lk; Mfpad MSfpd;wd. nry;Ygbahff; $ba xU jpUkzj;jpw;F Njrtoikr; rl;lj;jpd;gb gpd;tUk; MW Kf;fpa tplaq;fs; NjitahfTs;sd.
1. jpUkzk; nra;ag;NghFk; MzpdJk; ngz;zpdJk; rk;kjk;.
2. ngw;Nwhhpd; rk;kjk;.
3. jLf;fg;gl;l cwTKiwf;Fs; jpUkzk; nra;ayhfhJ.
4. ,UtUk; jpUkz taij mile;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. Vw;fdNt jpUkzk; nra;jth;fs; mj;jpUkzk; tYtpy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ,d;DnkhU jpUkzk; nra;ayhfhJ.
6. Njitahd rlq;Ffs; epfo;j;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
gjpT nra;ag;gl;lhnyhopa ve;jj; jpUkzKk; nry;YgbahfhJ vd;W 1895 ,d; 2 Mk; ,yf;f fl;lisr;rl;lk; ntspg;gLj;jpaJ> Mdhy; ,f;fl;lisr;rl;lk; mLj;j Mz;by; 1896 Mk; Mz;bd; 10 Mk; ,yf;f fl;lisr; rl;lj;jhy; ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
nry;YgbahFk; jpUkznkhd;W nra;ag;gl;lJk; mjdhy; Vw;gLk; Gjpa me;j];j;jpdhy; rl;l tpisTfs; rpy vOfpd;wd. Njrtoikr; rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;l jpUkzkhd ngz; mirah Mjdk; njhlh;ghf ve;j cWjpiaAk; jdJ fztDld; Nrh;e;Nj(fzthpd; rk;kjj;Jld;) vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ fl;lha tpjpahFk;. mJ mtsJ jdpg;gl;l nrhj;jhf ,Ue;jhYk; rhp> Njba Njl;lg;gq;F my;yJ rPjdk;> ed;nfhil ahtw;Wf;Fk; ,J nghUe;Jk;. vdpDk; 1911 Mk; Mz;bd; 1 Mk; ,yf;f fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; 8 Mk; gphptpd;gb rpy fhuzq;fis ep&gpj;J khtl;l ePjpkd;wpd; mDkjpiag; ngw;wgpd;dh; fzthpd; rk;kjkpd;wp mtsJ mirah Mjdj;ijAk; ifkhw;wKbAk.
jpUkzkhd Mz; jhd; jpUkzk; nra;tjw;F Kd;dh; thq;fpa mWjp Mjdj;ijAk; mtDf;F ed;nfhil> KJnrhk;> chpiktop te;jile;j Mjdj;ijAk; ifkhw;wk; nra;a KO chpikAilatd;. mNj Nghy; jpUkzj;jpd; gpd; thq;fpa Njba Njl;lj;jpy; rhp miug;gq;if jd; tpUg;gg;gb vJTk; nra;ayhk;.
Fbapay; tof;F xd;wpy; Njrtoikf;Fl;gl;l jpUkzkhdngz; xUth; mtsJ fztDld; ,ize;Nj tof;fhspahfNth vjpuhspahfNth Njhd;w KbAk;;. NkYk;> Fw;wtpay; tof;fpw;F ,J nghUe;jhJ. tpjptpyf;fhf jpUkz ePf;f tof;FfspYk; jdJ jdpg;gl;l Mjdj;ijAk; kPl;gjw;fhf fztDf;nfjpuhf tof;Fj; njhLf;Fk; chpik kidtpf;Fz;L.
Mjdq;fs; njhlh;ghd Njrtoikr; rl;l Vw;ghLfs;;.
Njrtoikr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Mjdq;fs; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
- KJnrhk;
- rPjdk;
- Njba Njl;lk;.
- chpik
xUtuJ ngw;Nwhh; ,wg;gjhy; my;yJ ngw;Nwhh; top %jhijah; ,wg;gjhy; toptopahf xUtiu te;jilAk; MjdNk “KJnrhk;” vdg;gLk;. fztDila KJr Mjdj;jpy; kidtpf;Nfh my;yJ kidtpapDia KJr Mjdj;jpy; fztDf;Nfh vt;tpj chpikAk; fpilahJ. ,we;j xUthpd; KJr Mjdk; mtuJ gps;isfisNa nrd;wilAk;. mtuJ tho;f;ifj;Jiz mt; Mjdj;jpy; chpikNfhuKbahJ. KJr Mjdj;ij tpw;W tUk; gzj;jpy; thq;Fk; MjdKk; KJrk; MjdNkahFk;.
Kiwahd jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhs;Sk; ngz;Zf;F jpUkzj;ij Kd;dpl;L nfhLf;fg;gLk; MjdNk rPjdkhFk;. jpUkzj;jpw;F Kd;dNuh jpUkzj;jd;Nwh my;yJ jpUkzj;jpd; gpd;dNuh rPjdk; nfhLf;fg;glyhk;. rPjd MjdkhdJ rPjd cWjp %yNk nfhLf;fg;gLk;. rPjd Mjdk; kidtpf;F kl;LNk chpa jdpr;nrhj;jhFk;. rPjdk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lhy; mjd;gpd; vf;fhuzk; nfhz;Lk; mjid ifkPl;f KbahJ. rPjdj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l ngz; me;j Mjdj;ij ifkhw;wk; nra;ahky; ,we;jhy; kl;LNk mtsJ gps;isfis mJ nrd;wilAk;. gps;isfs; ,d;wp ,wg;ghuhapd; rPjdj;ij ahh; nfhLj;jhh;fNsh mth;fis mt; Mjdk; kPsr;nrd;wilAk;. mth;fSk; ,we;jpUg;gpd; mtsJ rNfhjuq;fSf;F rkgq;fhf nrd;wilAk;. mirah Mjdj;ij rPjdkhf ngw;Wf;nfhz;l ngz; mjd;gpd; mtsJ ngw;Nwhh; ,we;jgpd; mth;fsJ Nkyjpf nrhj;jpy; gq;F NfhuKbahJ. Mdhy; mirah Mjdj;ij rPjdkhfg; ngwhJ ed;nfhilahf ngw;Wf; nfhz;l ngz; ngw;Nwhh; ,we;j gpd; mth;fsJ nrhj;jpy; gq;F NfhuKbAk;. NkYk; rPjd cWjp vOjg;gLk;NghJk; ed;nfhil cWjp vOjg;gLk; NghJk; mirah Mjdj;ijf; nfhLg;gth; jq;fSf;F rPtpa chpj;ij itj;Jf;nfhz;L mjid cWjpapy; njspthff; fhl;b vOjKbAk;.
jpUkzk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; fhyj;jpy; fztdhy; my;yJ kidtpahy; my;yJ ,UtUk; Nrh;e;J tpiy nfhLj;J thq;Fk; Mjdk; Njba Njl;lk; vd miof;fg;gLk;. Njba Njl;lj;jpy; miuthrpg;gq;F fztDf;Fk; kpFjp miuthrp kidtpf;Fk; nrhe;jkhFk;. fztd; jd; Njba Njl;lg; gq;if jd; tpUg;gg;gb ifkhw;wKbAk;. Mdhy; kidtp Njrtoikr; rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;l jpUkzkhdngz; vd;gjhy; fztDld; Nrh;e;Nj jd; Njba Njl;lg; gq;if ifkhw;wKbAk;. Njba Njl;lKila FLk;gj;jpy; fztd; my;yJ kidtp XUth; ,we;jhy; ,we;jtUf;Fhpa gq;fpy; miug;gq;F mjhtJ KO Mjdj;jpd; fhy; gq;F tho;f;ifj;Jizf;Fk; kPjp mjhtJ KO Mjdj;jpd; fhy; gq;F ,we;jthpd; gps;isfSf;F rkgq;fhf nrd;wilAk;. gps;isfs; ,y;yhtpbd; ,we;jthpd; ngw;Nwhh; rNfhjuq;fSf;F chpik topahf nrd;wilAk;. vdNt capUldpUf;Fk; tho;f;ifj;Jizf;F Kf;fhy;(3/4) gq;F nrhe;jkhfptpLk;. gps;isfSf;F fhy;(1/4) gq;F nrhe;jkhFk;. Njba Njl;lk; gps;isfis nrd;wilAk; NghJ mJ KJnrhk; vd;w ngaiug; ngWk; rPjdk; thq;fpj; jpUkzk; nra;j ngz; gps;isfSf;F ,e;j gq;ifg;ngw jFjpapy;iy.
ngw;Nwhh; my;yJ %jhijah; jtph;e;j cwtpdh; xUth; ,wf;Fk; NghJ toptopahf xUtiu te;jilAk; Mjdk; chpik(mbepiy) Mjdk; my;yJ kyl;Lr;nrhj;J vdg;gLk;. chpik topahf xU Mjdj;ijg; ngWgtUf;F mJ mtuJ jdpg;gl;l Mjdkhf mikAk; vd;gNjhL mth; mjid jd; tpUg;gg;gb ifkhw;wk; nra;aKbAk;. ,J ngUk;ghYk; nrhhpay; gq;fhfNt ,Uf;Fk;.
vkJ ehl;by; nghJr;rl;lNk ,yq;if KOtjw;Fk; tYTilajhf ,Ug;gpDk; Njrtoikr;rl;lk; > fz;bah; rl;lk;> K];ypk; rl;lk; vd;gitAk; eilKiwapYs;sd. ,tw;Ws; Njrtoikr; rl;lkhdJ ,e;j ehl;by; thOk; jkpo; kf;fis milahsg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lk; xU rl;lkhf ,Ug;gJld; jkpo; kf;fspd; njhd;Wnjhl;L eilKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; tof;fhWfis kpfj; njspthf ifahStij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; rl;lkhfTKs;sJ. NkYk; ,J ngz;fspd; nghUshjhu chpikfis rl;lhPjpahfg; ghJfhf;Fk; xU rl;lkhfTKs;sJ. Fwpg;ghf epymsitahsh;fSf;F ehl;bYs;s rl;lq;fs; gw;wpa njspthd mwpT mj;jpahtrpakhfpwJ. NkYk; tlgFjpapy; epymsitapy; <LgLk; epymsitahsh;fs; jq;fs; flikfis rhpahf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Njrtoikr; rl;lk; gw;wpa Mo;e;j mwpTilath;fshapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fl;Liuapy; Njrtoikr; rl;lk; gw;wp KOikahf Muhatpl;lhYk; Kf;fpa tplaq;fs; gw;wp RUf;fkhf mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;Nsd;.
crhj;Jiz
(i) Law of Thesawalamai by Saba Raveendran, Attorney at Law
(ii) The Laws and Customs of the Tamil of Jaffna
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