Introduction to Neuroscience II

What is Neuroscience?

Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system, especially the brain — how it is structured, how it works, how it develops, and how it can go wrong.

It tries to answer questions like:

• How do we think, feel, and move?

• How do memories form?

• Why do diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's happen?

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Key Parts of Neuroscience

1. Neurons

   • Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system.

   • They are specialized cells that carry electrical signals.

   • A human brain has about 86 billion neurons!

2. Brain Structure

   • Major parts include:

     • Cerebrum: Thinking, memory, emotions.

     • Cerebellum: Balance and coordination.

     • Brainstem: Basic functions like breathing and heartbeat.

3. Nervous System

   • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.

   • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): All other nerves in the body.

4. Neurotransmitters

   • Chemicals like dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine that transmit signals between neurons.

   • They are essential for mood, learning, and movement.

5. Neuroplasticity

   • The brain's ability to change and adapt throughout life.

   • Learning new skills or recovering after a brain injury depends on neuroplasticity.

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Why is Neuroscience Important?

• Understanding brain diseases (e.g., depression, epilepsy, stroke).

• Improving education and learning methods.

• Developing better treatments for mental health.

• Creating technologies like brain-computer interfaces.

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