Wednesday, March 20, 2019
Tuesday, March 19, 2019
RUINS OF 5000 YR OLD MOENJO DARO,
The main urban centre of the
ancient world's largest & in many ways, most advanced Civilization
(Indus Valley, present day Pakistan). The urban centre, with its
advanced grid street plan, covered drains, piped water into individual
homes, public baths, water and grain storage systems, advanced waste
disposal, extensive trade networks with Mesopotamia and many more
astonishing features, was suddenly abandoned 3500 years ago, when the
advanced civilization mysteriously vanished forever from the pages of history.
"Out of all the places I have ever been to on this planet...this is the
place that speaks to me the most. These 5000 year old ruins say "We have
been through it all.....the path that you still walk
on......civilization, extreme urbanisation, the most advanced
pre-industrial society of the ancient world,....capitalism,
commercialism...the ruthless pursuit of trade & profit....over
population....climate change, pollution of cities, exhaustion of
resources, the vanishing of water ...the drying of rivers.....social
breakdown.....madness............In the end we abandoned this mad
experiment called Civilization.."
Faraz Waqar
Sunday, March 17, 2019
"மண்பானை நீர்- 7- 8 pH அளவு" இரத்தத்தில் pH அளவும் எலும்பு, மூட்டு வலியும்...!
மூட்டு எலும்பு வலிக்கு பல்வேறு காரணங்கள் இருந்தாலும், மருத்துவர்கள் சொல்வது மூட்டு தேய்ந்து விட்டது, கால்சியம் குறைந்து விட்டது, எலும்பு அடர்த்தி குறைந்து விட்டது என்பதுதான் .
இயல்பாக இரத்தத்தின் pH அளவு 7.4 ஆகும். (pH என்பது "potential of Hydrogen"). ஒரு பொருள் 7 இற்கு கீழ் pH அளவு இருந்தால் அந்த பொருள் அமில தன்மை உடையது. ( Acid ). ஒரு பொருள் 7 இற்கு மேல் pH அளவு இருந்தால் அந்த பொருள் காரத்தன்மை உடையது. ( Alkaline ) .
நமது இரத்தம் இயல்பாக காரத்தன்மை உடையது. இரத்தம் 7.4 pH அளவு உடையது...!*
ஆனால் நாம் அருந்தும் பெரும்பாலான குளிர்பானங்கள் அமிலத்தன்மை உடையவை.
அதாவது pH அளவு என்பது பெரும்பாலும் 5 விட கீழாக இருக்கும். இந்த குளிர்பானங்களை அருந்தும் போது நமது இரத்தமானது அதன் இயல்பான காரத்தன்மையை இழந்து அமிலத்தன்மையாக மாறும்.
இது தொடர்ந்து நடக்கும் போது இரத்தம் அமிலத்தமையை அடையும்.
இது பல்வேறு உடல்நல கேடுகளுக்கு வழிவகுக்கும். எனவே இதை தடுக்கும் பொருட்டு உடலானது இரத்தத்தை காரத்தன்மையாக மற்ற முயலும்.
இரத்தத்தை காரத்தன்மை உடையதாக மாற்ற கூடிய பொருள் கால்சியம். எனவே...!
இந்த எலும்பு மற்றும் மூட்டுகளில் உள்ள கால்சியம் ஆனது ionized கால்சியம் ஆக மாற்ற பட்டு நமது இரத்தத்தில் கலக்கிறது . இப்போது இரத்தம் இயல்பான காரத்தன்மை அடைகிறது. இவ்வாறு எப்போதெல்லாம் இரத்தம் அமிலத்தன்மை உடையதாக மாறுகிறதோ அப்போதெல்லாம் கால்சியம் எலும்பு மூட்டுகளில் இருந்து பிரிந்து இரத்தத்தில் கலந்து அதை காரத்தன்மை உடையதாக மாற்றுகிறது.
எனவே எலும்பு, மூட்டுகள் வலுவிழக்கிறது. கடுமையான வலி உண்டாகிறது.
இப்போது எந்த அளவு pH ஆனது கீழ்கண்ட பொருட்களில் இருக்கிறது என்று கூகுளில் தேடி பார்த்தபோது கீழ்கண்ட அளவீடுகள் கிடைத்தன.
குளிர்பானங்கள் - 2.3 - 3.5 pH அளவு.
R.O.WATER - 5 - 6 pH அளவு
காபி - 4.5 - 5.5 pH அளவு
மண்பானை நீர் - 7- 8 pH அளவு.
R.O. WATER - என்பது நாம் வீடுகளில் பெருமையாக நினைத்து பயன்படுத்தும் தண்ணீர் சுத்திகரிக்கும் கருவி.
தற்காலங்களில் பெரும்பாலான வீடுகளில் இந்த கருவிகள் பொருத்தப்பட்டு தண்ணீரை சுத்திகரிப்பதாய் நினைத்து மூட்டுவலியை விலை கொடுத்து வாங்குகிறார்கள்.
நீங்கள் குடிக்கும் அத்தனை குளிர்பானங்களும் மூட்டுவலிக்கு ஒரு காரணமாய் அமைகிறது .
இப்போது மண்பானை நீர் எவ்வளவு பாதுகாப்பானது என்று உங்களுக்கு தெரிய வரும். ஏன் என்றால் மண்பானை நீர் pH அளவு 7- 8 ஆகும்.
கார்போரேட்டுகள் திட்டமிட்டு விளம்பரம் செய்து நம்மிடையே குளிர்பானங்களை விற்கிறார்கள்.
அதுபோல் தண்ணீர் சுத்தமில்லை என்ற எண்ணத்தை மனதில் விதைத்து நீர் சுத்திகரிப்பு கருவியை விற்று நமக்கு நோயை பரப்புகிறார்கள். பின்னர் அவர்களே அந்த நோய்க்கு மருந்தை விற்பார்கள்.
இந்த சுழற்சி வலையை விட்டு வெளியில் வந்தால் மட்டுமே உங்களுக்கு நோய் குணமாகும்...!
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST (CBR Test)
OBJECTIVE
To determine the California bearing ratio by conducting a load penetration test in the laboratory.
NEED AND SCOPE
The California bearing ratio test is a penetration test meant for the evaluation of subgrade strength of roads and pavements. The results obtained by these tests are used with the empirical curves to determine the thickness of pavement and its component layers. This is the most widely used method for the design of flexible pavement.
This instruction sheet covers the laboratory method for the determination of C.B.R. of undisturbed and remoulded /compacted soil specimens, both in soaked as well as an unsoaked state.
PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION
Types of equipment and tool required.
1. Cylindrical mould with inside dia 150 mm and height 175 mm, provided with a detachable extension collar 50 mm height and a detachable perforated base plate 10 mm thick.
2. Spacer disc 148 mm in dia and 47.7 mm in height along with the handle.
3. Metal rammers. Weight 2.6 kg with a drop of 310 mm (or) weight 4.89 kg a drop 450 mm.
4. Weights. One annular metal weight and several slotted weights weighing 2.5 kg each, 147 mm in dia, with a central hole 53 mm in diameter.
5. Loading machine. With a capacity of at least 5000 kg and equipped with a movable head or base that travels at a uniform rate of 1.25 mm/min. Complete with load indicating device.
6. Metal penetration piston 50 mm dia and a minimum of 100 mm in length.
7. Two dial gauges reading to 0.01 mm.
8. Sieves. 4.75 mm and 20 mm I.S. Sieves.
9. Miscellaneous apparatus, such as a mixing bowl, straight edge, scales soaking tank or pan, drying oven, filter paper and containers.
DEFINITION OF C.B.R.
It is the ratio of force per unit area required to penetrate a soil mass with a standard circular piston at the rate of 1.25 mm/min. to that required for the corresponding penetration of a standard material.
C.B.R. = Test load/Standard load X 100
The following table gives the standard loads adopted for different penetrations for the standard material with a C.B.R. value of 100%
| Penetration of plunger (mm) | Standard load (kg) |
| 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 | 1370 2055 2630 3180 3600 |
The test may be performed on undisturbed specimens and on remoulded specimens which may be compacted either statically or dynamically.
PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMEN
Undisturbed specimen
Attach the cutting edge to the mould and push it gently into the ground. Remove the soil from the outside of the mould which is pushed in. When the mould is full of soil, remove it from weighing the soil with the mould or by any field method near the spot.
Determine the density
Remoulded specimen
Prepare the remoulded specimen at Proctors maximum dry density or any other density at which C.B.R> is required. Maintain the specimen at optimum moisture content or the field moisture as required. The material used should pass 20 mm I.S. sieve but it should be retained on 4.75 mm I.S. sieve. Prepare the specimen either by dynamic compaction or by static compaction.
Dynamic Compaction
Take about 4.5 to 5.5 kg of soil and mix thoroughly with the required water.
Fix the extension collar and the base plate to the mould. Insert the spacer disc over the base (See Fig.). Place the filter paper on the top of the spacer disc.
Compact the mix soil in the mould using either light compaction or heavy compaction. For light compaction, compact the soil in 3 equal layers, each layer being given 55 blows by the 2.6 kg rammer. For heavy compaction compact the soil in 5 layers, 56 blows to each layer by the 4.89 kg rammer.
Remove the collar and trim off the soil.
Turn the mould upside down and remove the base plate and the displacer disc.
Weigh the mould with compacted soil and determine the bulk density and dry density.
Put filter paper on the top of the compacted soil (collar side) and clamp the perforated base plate on to it.
Static compaction
Calculate the weight of the wet soil at the required water content to give the desired density when occupying the standard specimen volume in the mould from the expression.
W =desired dry density * (1+w) V
Where W = Weight of the wet soil
w = desired water content
V = volume of the specimen in the mould = 2250 cm3 (as per the mould available in the laboratory)
Take the weight W (calculated as above) of the mixed soil and place it in the mould.
Place a filter paper and the displacer disc on the top of the soil.
Keep the mould assembly in static loading frame and compact by pressing the displacer disc till the level of disc reaches the top of the mould.
Keep the load for some time and then release the load. Remove the displacer disc.
The test may be conducted for both soaked as well as unsoaked conditions.
If the sample is to be soaked, in both cases of compaction, put a filter paper on the top of the soil and place the adjustable stem and perforated plate on the top of filter paper.
Put annular weights to produce a surcharge equal to the weight of base material and pavement expected in actual construction. Each 2.5 kg weight is equivalent to 7 cm construction. A minimum of two weights should be put.
Immerse the mould assembly and weights in a tank of water and soak it for 96 hours. Remove the mould from the tank.
Note the consolidation of the specimen.
Procedure for Penetration Test
Place the mould assembly with the surcharge weights on the penetration test machine. (Fig.).
Seat the penetration piston at the centre of the specimen with the smallest possible load, but in no case in excess of 4 kg so that full contact of the piston on the sample is established.
Set the stress and strain dial gauge to read zero. Apply the load on the piston so that the penetration rate is about 1.25 mm/min.
Record the load readings at penetrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 mm. Note the maximum load and corresponding penetration if it occurs for a penetration less than 12.5 mm.
Detach the mould from the loading equipment. Take about 20 to 50 g of soil from the top 3 cm layer and determine the moisture content.
Observation and Recording
For Dynamic Compaction
Optimum water content (%)
Weight of mould + compacted specimen g
Weight of empty mould g
Weight of compacted specimen g
Volume of specimen cm3
Bulk density g/cc
Dry density g/cc
For static compaction
Dry density g/cc
Moulding water content %
Wet weight of the compacted soil, (W)g
Period of soaking 96 hrs. (4days).
For penetration Test
Calibration factor of the proving ring 1 Div. = 1.176 kg
Surcharge weight used (kg) 2.0 kg per 6 cm construction
Water content after penetration test %
Least count of penetration dial 1 Div. = 0.01 mm
If the initial portion of the curve is concave upwards, apply correction by drawing a tangent to the curve at the point of greatest slope and shift the origin (Fig. 40). Find and record the correct load reading corresponding to each penetration.
C.B.R. = PT/PS X 100
where PT = Corrected test load corresponding to the chosen penetration from the load penetration curve.
PS = Standard load for the same penetration taken from the table I.
| Penetration Dial |
Load Dial
|
Corrected Load
| ||||||||
|
|
C.B.R. of the specimen at 2.5 mm penetration
C.B.R. of the specimen at 5.0 mm penetration
The C.B.R. values are usually calculated for penetration of 2.5 mm and 5 mm. Generally, the C.B.R. value at 2.5 mm will be greater than at 5 mm and in such a case/the former shall be taken as C.B.R. for design purpose. If C.B.R. for 5 mm exceeds that for 2.5 mm, the test should be repeated. If identical results follow, the C.B.R. corresponding to 5 mm penetration should be taken for design.
Six surprising signs you could be heading for a divorce
According to couples counsellor Carole Nyman and divorce lawyer Marilyn Stowe
1. Your spouse stops complaining
Nyman says ‘resentment is a number one killer of desire, in both genders.' If you’re married to a tortoise-type who would rather take shelter under their shell than argue their point, the unsuspecting partner may think that the issue has gone away. And if your partner has simply given up trying to explain themselves, they're probably still simmering away, without you realising. “Watch for complaints that seem unimportant to you but are obviously important to the partner,' says Nyman. 'They haven’t come to their senses when they stop talking about it - they are deciding if it’s a deal breaker.”
2. You both put your kids first
Work and children can place pressure on relationships and they inevitably have to come first, at times. But Stowe says that consistently channelling all your energies into your children, instead of each other, can backfire in the long-term: 'When children leave home, marriages which on the surface appear to be fine, often do end - because couples find there is nothing left."
3. You're more interested in other couples than your own relationship
Making comparisons with other couples is a tell-tale sign your own relationship might be suffering. 'When we are unhappy, we tend to judge other couples as happier than us,' says Nyman. 'Actually, there may be flaws in that couple’s relationship but it isn’t going to show right now because they are in a "getting on a moment". Focusing on your own relationship, and how your spouse is genuinely feeling, is more important than examining other relationships around you.'
4. Your friendships suddenly become more important
Not looking forward to an end-of-day debrief with your other half suggests your lines of communication are breaking down. Stowe says a sign to watch out for is ‘if you can’t be bothered to talk to your spouse because the response is likely to be negative/uninteresting/ a waste of time’. This can result in finding others you prefer to confide in: 'This third party relationship can soon start to be more important and more exciting than that of the spouse.'
5. You don't wonder what the other is thinking
Stowe says that warning bells should ring if 'it doesn’t particularly matter to you what your spouse thinks or what might please him or her.’ If it feels irrelevant or pointless to talk to your spouse, or simply easier not to bother, then ‘from an emotional perspective you are shutting the other off.'
6. Your sex drives are out of sync
Both Stowe and Nyman think changes to your sex routine are one of the first signs that something is not right. Besides an obvious loss of interest in sex, Nyman says to watch for 'changes in love-making style, such as less concern for the partner, a change in who initiates, or less connection during sex'. If either or both of you regularly start feeling rejected, it can easily lead to a rift.
How Parents Fighting Affects a Child's Mental Health
Researchers found that when parents fought often, kids had more difficulty regulating their attention and emotions. Their ability to rapidly solve problems and quickly see patterns in new information was also compromised.
Increased relationship problems: Being exposed to parents fighting increases the chances that kids will treat others with hostility. It’s common your kids will begin solving sibling squabbles with the same tactics they’ve witnessed you using. And they may struggle to maintain healthy relationships when they’re older too if they’ve grown accustomed to family discord or they may struggle to identify who they can really trust in life.
'T Power H20,' the Eco-Friendly Bike
NAMED the 'T Power H20,' the eco-friendly bike was created by Ricardo Azevedo in Sao Paulo. The design features a combination of water and a single, external car battery used to produce electricity and separate the hydrogen from the water molecule. The process, involving a pipe-system, results in combustion which subsequently creates the energy necessary to power the bike.
The motorcycle does not need clean drinking water to run, and Azevedo demonstrated this when he went to the Tiete River, a river that is polluted, and filled the motorcycle up from that. He has been talking about the environmental benefits of his H20 motorcycle and of course the benefits of the cost associated with running a motorcycle that does not require fuel.
He said that one advantage of the motorcycle only using water to run was that it works with hydrogen that comes from the water and this means that the only thing that comes out of the exhaust pipe of the motorcycle is water vapour. He went on to point out that this is unlike a traditional motorcycle running on fuel which sends out carbon monoxide.
A piece of non-coding DNA may hold the key to how humans could regenerate body parts
Humans have long envied animals that are able to regenerate parts of their bodies. Arms, legs, tails, even whole chunks of the organism. Yet despite all the technology and best efforts, humans don't have this ability. However, this could all change. Harvard University uncovered the DNA switch that controls genes for whole body regeneration. This means that one day, humans may be able to grow back lost limbs!
Scientists have discovered that that in worms, a section of non-coding or ‘junk’ DNA controls the activation of a ‘master control gene’ called early growth response (EGR) which acts as a power switch, turning regeneration on or off.
Non-coding or junk DNA was once believed to do nothing, but in recent years scientists have realized is having a major impact.
Noncoding DNA sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences. Some noncoding DNA is transcribed into functional non-coding RNA molecules (e.g. transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, and regulatory RNAs).
“Only about two per cent of the genome makes things like proteins. We wanted to know: What is the other 98 per cent of the genome doing during whole-body regeneration?"
Humans may one day have the ability to regrow limbs after scientists at Harvard University uncovered the DNA switch that controls genes for whole-body regeneration.
Some animals can achieve extraordinary feats of repair, such as salamanders which grow back legs, or geckos which can shed their tails to escape predators and then form new ones in just two months.
Planarian worms, jellyfish, and sea anemones go even further, actually regenerating their entire bodies after being cut in half.
How does this work?
After putting a lot of time and effort into gene and DNA research, scientists from the Harvard University have now discovered that that in certain worms, a section of non-coding or ‘junk’ DNA controls the activation of a particular gene, nicknamed the ‘master control gene’. It is actually called early growth response (EGR) which acts like a power switch, which is what controls Growth and actually has the ability to turn regeneration on or off. Dr. Mansi Srivastava, Assistant Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University said that the team was able to decrease the activity of the EGR and find out that if you don't have this gene, nothing will happen. For example, if someone cut off a human arm, it will never grow back. However, if you cut off a salamander’s leg and observed it, it will indeed grow back another leg over time.
Now scientists have discovered that that in worms, a section of non-coding or ‘junk’ DNA controls the activation of a ‘master control gene’ called early growth response (EGR) which acts as a power switch, turning regeneration on or off.
“We were able to decrease the activity of this gene and we found that if you don't have EGR, nothing happens," said Dr Mansi Srivastava, Assistant Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University.
Human Benefit
The crucial part of all this research is that humans are also carriers of EGR. In fact, humans do actually produce it when cells are stressed and in need of repair, for example, when there is a wound, say a cut, over time, this will heal and the damaged areas regenerate until it’s back to normal. However, it doesn’t seem to trigger large scale regeneration, such as lost fingers or limbs.
Due to this, scientists now think that this master gene is completely different in humans compared to animals - it’s wired differently. They are now trying to find a way to tweak its circuitry to hopefully take advantage of its regenerative benefits. Postdoctoral student Andrew Gehrke of Harvard believes the answer lies in the area of non-coding DNA controlling the gene. Non-coding or junk DNA was once believed to do nothing, but in recent years scientists have realized is having a major impact, such as the effect it has in certain animals such as worms and salamanders.
What is the science behind it all?
Mr. Gehrke said that only about 2% of the genome makes proteins so what the team wanted to know was what the other 98 per cent of the genome was doing during whole-body regeneration. It's likely that they have only just scratched the surface. Scientists have only looked at some of these switches but there's a whole other aspect of how the genome is interacting on a larger scale, and all of that is important for turning genes on and off. Much more research needs to be done to find out more about the genome and how it works exactly.
science.sciencemag.org/...
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