Few Most Stunning Movie Theatres in The World

The Most Stunning Movie Theatres in The World

If you're a movie lover, you know that the environment in which you watch films is an important part of the film experience. We enjoy going to theatres because it makes the movie that much more special. The following theatres, located all over the world, will get you want to leave your local multiplex and travel the world just to watch movies in these awe-inspiring locations.

Winter Garden Theatre, Toronto

The Winter Garden Theatre, along with the Elgin Theatre, constitutes the last pair of Edwardian stacked shows in the world. The Winter Garden has located seven stories above the Elgin. Once the home of many silent feature showings, the theatres now showcase many films as part of the Toronto International Film Festival.

Raj Mandir Cinema, India

This famous movie theatre in Jaipur has premiered many Hindi films and is often nicknamed "The Pride of Asia." With its unique shape and captivating architecture, it's the perfect backdrop for Bollywood pictures.

Olympia Music Hall, France

This French theatre is about as close you can get to watching a brand new movie in the comfort of your own bed. With great mattresses for seating, the theatre provides the perfect date night setting. No funny business in the show, though!

Electric Cinema, London

This incredible theatre in the famous Notting Hill neighbourhood is positively breathtaking. Having opened in 1910, it's one of the nation's oldest theatres still around today. The gorgeous interior is the definition of elegance.

Cinema City, Jerusalem

This large movie complex has 19 screens with a beautiful interior, featuring extensive, lounge-like seating and amazing ceilings to boot 

Sci-fi Dine-in Theatre, Disney's Hollywood Studios

Head down to sunny Florida to do dinner and a movie retro-style at Disney's Hollywood Studios. Designed like a '50s drive-in, the large theatre also has traditional American cuisine to make your movie experience actually enjoyable. 

Urania National Film Theatre, Budapest

The Urania was built in the 1880s as music and dance hall and began showing Hungarian films in 1899. The first Hungarian independent feature was shot here in 1901. Today, the beautiful and historic venue is a showcase for Hungarian cinema, hosting several film festivals throughout the year. 

Sotto Le Stelle Del Cinema, Italy

This is a beautiful open air cinema in the Piazza Maggiore square located in Bologna, Italy. There's no better way to experience both modern and classic cinema than in a 15th-century landmark!

Orinda Theatre, California

Opened in 1941, this stunning California movie still has its original lobby and main theatre. By showing current hit movies, it's the perfect blend of nostalgia and present-day culture. 

Hot Tub Cinema, London

What better way to see a summer blockbuster than in a hot tub under the London night stars? It's a unique movie-watching experience that is also known for showing classic cult films.

Newport Ultra Cinema, Newport City

Comfort and luxury are the main goals at the Newport Ultra Cinema. You can reserve a seat and enjoy having a butler service, which includes unlimited popcorn and drinks. Now that's fancy. 

Cinetedeel Mata dero, Madrid

With a truly unique interior, this Spanish cinema is known for its documentary features. Sitting in this theatre will transport you to another world.

The Orange Cinema Club, Beijing

Looking for an ultra-modern and sleek cinema experience? Beijing has you covered. The Orange Cinema Club is an exclusive and upscale movie theatre that will have you eating your popcorn in style. 

FilmnachteAm Elbufer, Germany

Obviously this isn't an actual theatre, but the outdoor movie-watching experience this German film program provides is too good to pass up. Located on the Elbe river, these movie nights on the river bank are Germany's largest open air cinema festival, with around 150,000 movie lovers attending annually.

  

Tuschinski, Amsterdam

Pathé Tuschinski is a movie theatre in the Netherlands that was built in 1921. The main auditorium hosts many premieres of Dutch films. The intricate and beautiful detail in the architecture has made it a world favourite destination for cinema buffs.

Campus Theatre, Pennsylvania

Located in Lewisburg, this historic (dated back to 1941) art deco movie house shows a range of films, mainly cult and classic pictures. The stunning interior also makes it a nice alternative to see the latest Hollywood hit.

Palác Lucerna Cinema, Prague

As part of a major shopping mall attraction in the Czech Republic, the Kino Lucerna cinema is a gorgeous and historical attraction that keeps film-lovers coming back for more.

The Gods Must be Crazy (Movie)

Here's a movie that begins with a Coke bottle falling from the heavens, and ends with a Jeep up in a tree. “The Gods Must Be Crazy” is a South African movie that arrived in Europe with little fanfare in 1982, broke box-office records in Japan and South America and all over Europe, and even became a cult hit here in North America, where there has not been much of a demand for comedies from South Africa. 

The film begins in the Kalahari Desert. A pilot in a private plane throws his empty Coke bottle out of the window. It lands near a Bushman who is on a hunting expedition. He has never seen anything like it before. He takes it back to his tribe, where it is put to dozens of uses: It becomes a musical instrument, a patternmaker, a fire starter, a cooking utensil, and, most of all, an object of bitter controversy. Everybody in the tribe ends up fighting over the bottle, and so the Bushman, played by the Xhosa actor N!xau (the exclamation point represents a click), decides there is only one thing to do: He must return the bottle to the gods. This decision sends him on a long odyssey toward more settled lands on the edges of the desert, where the movie develops into a somewhat more conventional comedy. 

We meet some of the new characters: A would-be schoolteacher, a goofy biologist, and an insurgent leader. They are all intent on their own lives and plans, but in one way or another, the Xhosa and his Coke bottle bring them together into unexpected combinations. And the director, Jamie Uys, has the patience to develop some really elaborate sight gags, which require a lot of preparation but pay off with big laughs particularly the sequence with an indecisive, back-and-forth Jeep. 

The star of the movie is N!xau, who is so forthright and cheerful and sensible that his very presence makes some of the gags pay off. In any slapstick comedy, the gags must rest on a solid basis of logic: It's not funny to watch people being ridiculous, but it is funny to watch people doing the next logical thing, and turning out to be ridiculous. N!xau, because he approaches Western society without preconceptions, and bases all of his actions on logical conclusions, brings into relief a lot of the little tics and assumptions of everyday life. I think that reveals the thought that went into this movie: It might be easy to make a farce about screwball happenings in the desert, but it's a lot harder to create a funny interaction between nature and human nature. This movie's a nice little treasure.

காலையில Times Now ல 'The Gods Must be Crazy' ஓடிட்டிருந்தது.. காட்டுக்குள் நடக்கும் கதையில்... நாயகனுக்கு பெண்களை பார்த்தாலே உதற ஆரம்பித்துவிடும், நாயகியிடம் பேச பல முறை முயற்சி செய்து பல பல்புகளை வாங்குவான்... பரதேசி போல இருக்கும் நண்பனிடம் பேசுவது போல் ஒரு வசனம்.... 

நண்பன்: நீ அவங்களை பார்த்தா சிரிக்கனும், சிரிச்சு பேசரது தான் பொண்ணுங்களுக்கு புடிக்கும்.

நாயகன்: ஓ பொண்ணுங்கள பத்தி உனக்கு அதிகமா தெரியுமோ?? எனக்கு அட்வைஸ் பண்ற??

நண்பன்: டேய் நான் 7 முறை கல்யாணம் பண்ணிருக்கேன்.. 

நாயகன்: அப்ப ஏன் கட்டுக்குள்ள சுத்திட்டிருக்க???

நண்பன்: இவங்கள எப்படி கரெக்ட் பண்ணி கல்யாணம் பண்றதுன்னு எனக்கு தெரியும்.. ஆனா அவங்க கூட வாழறது எப்படின்னு உலகத்துல யாருக்குமே தெரியாதுடா... // 

சிரி சிரின்னு சிரிச்சேன்... சிம்பிளான காமெடில நம்மளை கட்டி போடும் படம்... போன வாரம் "வருத்த படாத வாலிபர் சங்கம்" பார்த்த போது தியேட்டர் ல நிறைய பேர் சிரிக்கும் போது தேமேன்னு உக்காந்திருந்தேன்... நமக்கு தான் ரசனை போய்டுச்சோன்னு ஒரு டவுட் வந்தது... அப்பா இப்ப கிளியர்... வாய்ப்பு கிடைச்சா மிஸ் பண்ணிடாதீங்க... 'The Gods Must be Crazy'.

Summer Paintings

Om Namah Sivaya

According to religious scriptures, it is the heavenly abode of the Lord of Destruction, Shiva. It is said that he sits in a state of perpetual meditation and his seat is the source of all the spiritual power.

அழிவில்லாதவரும் இன்ப மயமானவருமான சிவபெருமான் தம்மைத் தொழுபவர்களுக்கு அந்த அழிவில்லாத இன்பத்தை அடைய அருள் புரிவார். உலகியலில் தோன்றும் இன்பங்கள் நிலையானவைகள் அல்ல என்பதை உணருங்கள்.
அனைத்தும் மாயையின் வெளிபாடுதானே அன்பர்களே.
ஆனால் சிவபெருமான் அருளும் இன்பத்தைப் பெற்றவர்கள் என்றென்றும் இன்பத்தைப் பெற்று மகிழ்ந்திருப்பர்.
இந்த உடல் எடுத்ததின் பயன் என்னவென்றால் சிவ வழிபாடு செய்து அந்தப் பேரின்பத்தை அடைவதே என்பதை உணர்ந்து எக்காலமும் எந்நேரமும் அவன் நாமத்தை உளமாற நினைப்போம்.

A young Korean man and his wife in street dress, Seoul, Korea, 1904.

இன்று ஒரு தகவல்

The Latest Technology for Floor

A complete guide to 3D flooring installation, 3D bathroom designs, murals and designs, 3D flooring prices and tricks from experts, 3D floor art  applying in the bathroom flooring

Just twenty years ago the only option to make an unusual floor design was to use the "calico" method. In this case, just tissue on the floor with poured varnish was beautiful and unique. Over time, these stylish floor covering, linoleum and laminate flooring, completely replaced this styles of flooring, and the possibility to create something exclusive was long forgotten. But new manufacturers, in turn, took the idea, but only with their already proven building materials and other machinery works. 

Today, 3D flooring is an excellent revival of traditional interior, harmonious combination of new technology and comfort. Dreaming of this type of flooring? Now we will help you to apply your 3D bathroom floor designs yourself in your home.

You will also like: How to install Penny floor and herringbone tile, Unique flooring ideas, Fantasy of river white granite in the interior

This art of 3D flooring has always amazed imagination practical ideas - those sharks, "break" through the bathroom floor for taking stunning photos. Today, toothy predators await guests in bathrooms, hallways, a mini-pool also will trigger the same "wow effect," which modern interior designers like to create.

3D flooring prices and 3D floor installation

3D floor art designs, 3D flooring for kids

Why should you install your 3D floor designs yourself as 3D bathroom floor? Because the 3D coverage which is purchased from a company will cost you at least 5 times more expensive than ceramic tiles and 10 times than laminate flooring. Yes, installing the 3D flooring and filling the 3D floors is a really complicated process, but the price is so high. 

You will be very surprised to learn that most of the 3D bathroom flooring prices accounted for the manufacture of the image! Yes, it's true - these 3D bathroom floor murals are available on the internet, and you can get yours from any online shop, but it's difficult to find a detailed description of the 3D flooring technology itself. 
So, to take - and ready. How to make the base layer and how to pour that epoxy paint - this is not difficult to understand, but how to make the dolphin in the 3D bathroom floor looks alive - that's where the secret. That's you will learn in this article

floral 3D flooring ideas, 3D bathroom floor murals designs

So let's push off from what is really 3D. Simply, 3D floor murals are images that our eye sees and perceives it as a 3D flooring, As an example, any 3D program on your monitor - it's just a two-dimensional image, but creates the illusion. That's the main task of the designer who makes the layout for 3D floor designs - is to create the illusion of spaciousness, which has the functions of modern aesthetics. Take a look at this selection of 3D bathroom flooring designs - is not it amazing?

3D flooring for elevator, self-leveling epoxy flooring

3D bathroom floor installation stages

Thus, conventional methods of making the 3D floors are three: photo-realistic images have installed the floor, small items on the similarity of shells or coins, or an optical illusion. In all three 3D flooring ideas, you will perceive flooring volume. Let's take a closer look at how to implement these ideas.

3D bathroom floor murals, self-leveling epoxy resin floors

Stage I. At first, select a 3D floor mural image that has the 3D floor design you want. It can be a photo or painting which make a 3D effect.  And now you need Photoshop. 3D flooring pictures must have a high resolution - at least 300 dpi.

We highly recommend you not to use a 3D floor image for the with an illusion of motion. For example, something falls or wave covers.
It's amusing when near the pool in the bath guests suddenly notice entirely natural toothy fish. But the monsters that really scare it is better not to use - it will affect negatively on the subconscious mind.
Too bright, bulky, with an abundance of elements in red. For the reason that it is - a strong stimulus to the psyche. In this room you will be hard to focus, this will cause aggression and bad sleep.
Small items, increased to absurd forms. Huge Mandarin in the kitchen thanks to an optical illusion of a comparable size to the table - is not only tasteless but quickly get bored.

Stage II. Changing perspective of 3D floor art images

Step 1. So, the picture is selected, and the process is getting started. First of all take a photo of the room where you want to install 3D flooring - of course, with the "right" angle. But remember that many of the cameras like a little-distorted perspective - try to pick up the distance so that the photograph was exactly what you see with your own eyes at the threshold.
Step 2. Now in Photoshop or a similar graphics program, apply your favorite 3D floor design image on the floor photo - just the way you want it in reality. So you have created the illusion of 3D flooring. Now fasten the two images into one - now, you should see the picture of the room as volumetric 3D bathroom floor design.

3D floor art and 3D flooring technology for living room

Step 3. Now cut the everything in the photo except the floor with a picture. To complete the 3D bathroom flooring effect you can do it like a trapezoid: the bottom (front) extended at the top (behind) the restriction - because that is how we see the room.
Step 4. Using the tool "Perspective" to make a correct the trapezoid. If you do not have coped with such a function - just drag it in the usual editor to make the narrowest part. Now the 3D floor murals are ready, save it.

how to apply 3D images to 3D bathroom floor with Photoshop

If you experience difficulties in preparing the 3D flooring design picture or do not know how to use graphics software - refer to any designer friend, or find a freelance designer. Yes, it's cost, but eventually, you will have to spend on this task at least 4-7 times less money than if you contact a specialized construction firm.

3. Printing the 3D bathroom flooring design image

 So, as soon as the required file of the 3D bathroom floor mural is already on your flash drive, contact any agency of printing. Why there? Firstly, they have experience with similar graphics, and secondly, you need to fill material under the floor, which does not lose its properties and color when applying a varnish or a transparent epoxy resin flooring coating. By the way, this process isn't expensive - it's about $ 20 per m2. And companies today often print the image on vinyl self-adhesive film and banner with healthy tissue.

Tip: be sure to print at first the same image of the 3D bathroom flooring design, but on plain paper, black and white - to put on the floor and assess whether the correct angle distortion and indeed seems the same volume and the dolphin alive. If needed, adjust the perspective. And only then - you will pay for the main image of the 3D flooring murals you will use on your bathroom floor.

3D bathroom flooring designs for modern bathroom floors

Stage IV. preparing the base layer

On our site there is already a lot of articles of how to fill the floor polymer. And here - the same polymer floor, but with a picture and a transparent topcoat:

Most importantly, what you should not miss in any way -it should not to be any stain of oil, grease, detergent or bitumen on the old concrete base . Clean oil stains from its full depth with milling, grinding or cutting.

Stage VI. Finishing coat

which material to use in the coverage of the 3D flooring designs for the bathroom? We recommend the most suitable coating for this is polyurethane varnish PUR Aqua Top (M or SG), which is the most stable of all known, and therefore your 3D floor designs will never fade. you should make two layers under the 3D bathroom floor mural, each layer take around 4 hours to dry.

Use a special glue to paste the photo on the floor to make a 3D bathroom flooring and then use a abrasion-resistant coating layer.

As for the transparent layer on top of the 3D floors images, You can buy it from online shops - such floors is much more difficult to scratch, and they are pleased with their appearance much longer.

thanks: decorpuzzle.com

உலகத்தின் உண்மை, அற்புதமான வார்த்தைகள்

Dasavathaaram

புரட்சித் தலைவர் MGR & தந்தை செல்வா அரிய புகைப்படம்

மக்கள் திலகம் M.G.ராமச்சந்திரன்(M.G.R), தந்தை செல்வநாயகத்தை பணிந்தபோது எடுக்கப்பட்ட புகைப்படம்.

"தற்கொலைக்கு முன் என்னை ஒரு முறை நினைத்துக் கொள்ளுங்கள்" இந்தி நடிகர் நானா படேகர்

"தற்கொலைக்கு முன் என்னை
ஒரு முறை நினைத்துக் கொள்ளுங்கள்"

- இது ஒரு சூப்பர் ஸ்டாரின் உதடுகள் அடிக்கடி உதிர்க்கும் வார்த்தைகள்!!

நடைமுறையில் நிறைய விவசாயிகளின் தற்கொலை முடிவை மாற்றி வாழ்வதற்கான நம்பிக்கை தந்த உயிரோட்டமுள்ள வார்த்தைகள்!
அந்த உண்மையான சூப்பர் ஸ்டார் வேறு யாருமல்ல! இந்தி நடிகர் நானா படேகர் தான்! (தமிழில் இவர் நடித்த படம் : பொம்மலாட்டம்)
சம்பாத்தியத்தில் 90 சதவீதத்தை நன்கொடையாக வழங்கிய சூப்பர் ஹீரோ!
வறட்சியால் பாதிக்கப்பட்டிருக்கும் மகாராஷ்ட்ராவின் மராத்வாடா. கூரைகள் இல்லாத வீடுகள். கொடூர வெயிலில், விவசாய நிலங்கள் பாளம் பாளமாக வெடித்திருக்கும். மின்சாரமும் இருக்காது. கிராமத்திற்கு ஒரு விவசாயி தற்கொலை செய்து கொண்டிருப்பார்.
அரசியல்வாதிகளே எட்டிப் பார்க்க தயங்கும் மக்கள் நிறைந்த பகுதி. இங்கு அடிக்கடி ஒரு பிரபலத்தை மட்டும் காண முடியும். இருட்டிலும் கூட செல்போன் வெளிச்சத்தில், அந்த பிரபலத்தின் கைகள் செக் விநியோகித்துக் கொண்டிருக்கும். சினிமா உலகில் அவரது பெயர் நானா படேகர். சையிரட்டுக்கு முன் நம்மிடம் அறிமுகமான மராத்திய நடிகர்.
திரையுலகுக்கு வருதற்கு முன் போஸ்டர் ஒட்டியும், சாலைகளில் ஜீப்ரா கோடு வரைவதும்தான் நானாவின் பிழைப்பு. தினச்சம்பளம் 35 ரூபாய். சொற்ப சம்பளத்தில் தாயும் மகனும் வாழ்க்கையை நகர்த்திக் கொண்டிருந்தனர். மராத்தி நாடகங்களில் நடித்து, ஹிந்தி சினிமாவில் புகுந்த பிறகு, வருமானம் கொட்டியது. மூன்றே மாதங்களில் முழு சினிமாவை முடித்து விடும் இன்றைய காலத்தில், 'பிரகார் ' என்ற படத்தில் நடிப்பதற்காக, இந்திய ராணுவத்திடம் 3 ஆண்டுகள் சிறப்பு பயிற்சி பெற்ற, சற்றே வித்தியாச நடிகர் நானா.
மகாராஷ்ட்ராவில் கடந்த சில ஆண்டுகளாக வரலாறு காணாத வறட்சி. கிராமத்திற்கு ஒரு விவசாயி தற்கொலை. அரசாலும் தடுக்கமுடியவில்லை. தன்னார்வத் தொண்டு நிறுவனங்கள் போராடியும் இயலவில்லை. நடிகர் என்பதையும் தாண்டி, சொந்த மாநிலத்தை சேர்ந்த விவசாயிகள் கொத்து கொத்தாக செத்து மடிவது நானாவை என்னவோ செய்தது. குறிப்பாக மராத்வாடாப் பகுதியில் நாக்பூர், லாத்தூர், ஹிங்கோலி, பிரபானி, நான்டெட் மாவட்டங்களில் விவசாயிகளின் தற்கொலை அதிகம்.
விவசாயிகளின் தற்கொலையைத் தடுக்க என்ன செய்யலாம் என யோசித்தார் நானா. சில காலம் சினிமாவை ஒதுக்கி வைத்தார். சக நடிகர் மன்கர்டுடன் இணைந்து 'நாம் ' என்ற பெயரில் அறக்கட்டளை ஒன்றைத் தொடங்கினார். முதல் நாளே 80 லட்ச ரூபாய் நன்கொடை குவிந்தது. நானா படேகர் என்ற அந்த பெயருக்கு மக்களிடம் அத்தனை செல்வாக்கு. 2 வது வாரத்தில் 7 கோடியாக உயர்ந்தது. மொத்தம் 22 கோடி ரூபாய் நன்கொடையாக கிடைத்தது.
நன்கொடை பணம் முழுவதும் விவசாயிகளுக்கு முழுமையாக சேர வேண்டும் என்பது நானாவின் அடுத்த இலக்கு. இந்த விஷயத்தில் நானா படேகர் உறுதியாகவும் தெளிவாகவும் இருந்தார். நன்கொடையும் ஏராளமாக வந்துவிட்டது. வேறு ஏதாவது அமைப்பு வழியாக வழங்கிடுவோம் என்று அவர் ஒதுங்கி விடவில்லை. மூன்றாவது அமைப்பின் தலையீட்டை அவர் அனுமதிக்கவில்லை. எந்த அமைப்பையும் அணுகவில்லை. அவரே நேரடியாக களத்தில் குதித்தார்.
மராத்வாடாவில் தற்கொலை செய்து கொண்ட விவசாயிகளின் குடும்பத்தினரை வீடு வீடாக சென்று நானாவே நேரடியாக சந்தித்தார். தற்கொலை செய்து கொண்ட விவசாயிகள் வறட்சியால், பாதிக்கப்பட்ட விவசாயிகளின் குடும்பத்தினர்க்கு நேரடியாக சென்று நிதியுதவி வழங்கினார். கணவரை இழந்த மனைவிகளை சந்தித்து ஆறுதல் கூறினார்.
மகாராஷ்ட்ராவில், இப்போது 700க்கும் மேற்பட்ட கிராமங்களில், நானா படேகரின் அறக்கட்டளை, பாதிக்கப்பட்ட விவசாயிகளை கண்டறிந்து உதவி செய்து வருகிறது. விவசாயிகள் தற்கொலை குறைந்திருப்பது நானாவுக்கு சற்று நிம்மதியை ஏற்படுத்தியுள்ளது. நிதியுதவி போக, எஞ்சிய பணத்தில் மராத்வாடா பகுதியில் உள்ள ஏரிகள், குளங்களை தூர் வாரும் பணி தீவிரமாக நடைபெற்று வருகிறது. ஒரு கோடிக்கு மேல் மரங்கள் நடப்பட்டன. கணவனை இழந்த பெண்களுக்கு சுய வேலை வாய்ப்பு, இளைஞர்களுக்கு வேலை வாய்ப்பு ஏற்படுத்தி தரப்பட்டது.
ஒவ்வொரு கிராமத்துக்கும் சுத்தமான குடிநீர் வழங்குவது நானா படேகரின் அடுத்த இலக்கு. அறக்கட்டளை வழியாக சேர்ந்த பணத்தை மட்டுமல்லாது, சினிமாவில் தான் சம்பாதித்த பணத்தில் 90 சதவீதத்தை அறக்கட்டளைக்கே நானா படேகர் வழங்கி விட்டார்.
திரையில் ஆன்டி ஹீரோவாக நடிக்கும் நானாதான், மராத்வாடா மக்களின் நிஜ ஹீரோ.கோடி கோடியாக பணம் சம்பாதித்த போதும், மும்பையில் ஒரு பெட்ரூம் கொண்ட பிளாட்டில்தான் இப்போதும் தாயுடன் வசிக்கிறார் நானா. ''சம்பாதித்த பணத்தை அறக்கட்டளைக்கு வழங்கிவிட்டீர்களே'' என்றால் , 'இப்போதுதான் நான் பிறந்ததற்கான அர்த்தத்தை உணர்ந்திருக்கிறேன்'' என 'நச்' பதில் வருகிறது.
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Max Planck - Biographical

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck was born in Kiel, Germany, on April 23, 1858, the son of Julius Wilhelm and Emma (née Patzig) Planck. His father was Professor of Constitutional Law in the University of Kiel, and later in Göttingen.

Planck studied at the Universities of Munich and Berlin, where his teachers included Kirchhoff and Helmholtz, and received his doctorate of philosophy at Munich in 1879. He was Privatdozent in Munich from 1880 to 1885, then Associate Professor of Theoretical Physics at Kiel until 1889, in which year he succeeded Kirchhoff as Professor at Berlin University, where he remained until his retirement in 1926. Afterwards he became President of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Promotion of Science, a post he held until 1937. The Prussian Academy of Sciences appointed him a member in 1894 and Permanent Secretary in 1912.

Planck's earliest work was on the subject of thermodynamics, an interest he acquired from his studies under Kirchhoff, whom he greatly admired, and very considerably from reading R. Clausius' publications. He published papers on entropy, on thermoelectricity and on the theory of dilute solutions.
At the same time also the problems of radiation processes engaged his attention and he showed that these were to be considered as electromagnetic in nature. From these studies he was led to the problem of the distribution of energy in the spectrum of full radiation. Experimental observations on the wavelength distribution of the energy emitted by a black body as a function of temperature were at variance with the predictions of classical physics. Planck was able to deduce the relationship between the ener gy and the frequency of radiation. In a paper published in 1900, he announced his derivation of the relationship: this was based on the revolutionary idea that the energy emitted by a resonator could only take on discrete values or quanta. The energy for a resonator of frequency v is hv where h is a universal constant, now called Planck's constant.

This was not only Planck's most important work but also marked a turning point in the history of physics. The importance of the discovery, with its far-reaching effect on classical physics, was not appreciated at first. However the evidence for its validi ty gradually became overwhelming as its application accounted for many discrepancies between observed phenomena and classical theory. Among these applications and developments may be mentioned Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect.
Planck's work on the quantum theory, as it came to be known, was published in the Annalen der Physik. His work is summarized in two books Thermodynamik (Thermodynamics) (1897) and Theorie der Wärmestrahlung (Theory of heat radiat ion) (1906).
He was elected to Foreign Membership of the Royal Society in 1926, being awarded the Society's Copley Medal in 1928.
Planck faced a troubled and tragic period in his life during the period of the Nazi government in Germany, when he felt it his duty to remain in his country but was openly opposed to some of the Government's policies, particularly as regards the persecuti on of the Jews. In the last weeks of the war he suffered great hardship after his home was destroyed by bombing.
He was revered by his colleagues not only for the importance of his discoveries but for his great personal qualities. He was also a gifted pianist and is said to have at one time considered music as a career.
Planck was twice married. Upon his appointment, in 1885, to Associate Professor in his native town Kiel he married a friend of his childhood, Marie Merck, who died in 1909. He remarried her cousin Marga von Hösslin. Three of his children died young, leaving him with two sons.
He suffered a personal tragedy when one of them was executed for his part in an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Hitler in 1944.
He died at Göttingen on October 4, 1947.
From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967
This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.
For more updated biographical information, see: Planck, Max, Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers. Philosophical Library, New York, 1949.
MLA style: "Max Planck - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 4 Jan 2015. <http://www.nobelprize.org/…/…/laureates/1918/planck-bio.html>

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