Every thing about Bullets

Ammunition can be a very intimidating subject for those who do not know much about firearms. Selecting ammunition for hunting or personal defense is a very important decision with strong implications for the performance and safety of your firearm. With lots of opinions, misinformation, and geek-speak floating around on the topic, it can be overwhelming to the point of exasperation.

The good news is, it’s actually a really simple topic, once you understand some of the basic terms. So, with that in mind, let’s learn about various types of ammunition, some of the common lexicon, and how to judge what is “best” for you.

Ammunition is generally expressed in a measurement. Most of the world uses a metric rating, while the commercial market in the United States uses a U.S. standard measurement. This can create some confusion, but more on that later.

The measurements in metric are almost always a “diameter to length” ratio; for example, a bullet in the caliber:

• 5.56x45mm is 5.56mm wide and 45mm long
• 9x19mm cartridge is 9mm wide and 19mm long
• Shotshells are measured in “gauge”, with a lower number being a larger diameter.  Typical 12 gauge shells are 70mm long, which works out to be 2½”, but offered in a 3” magnum as well

Before we go on to a quick look tying measurements to the actual cartridges, it’s important to note that a cartridge is made of four components:

1. Case (generally brass, nickel, or steel)
2. Primer – an ignition for the propellant; look for the round dimple on the base of the cartridge.
3. Powder/propellant – also known as “gunpowder”
4. Projectile – also known as the bullet (technically it's the only part of the cartridge that is a bullet)

Types of Bullets

There are several other types:

SP – Soft Point – the tip of the bullet is left uncoated (exposed lead)

AP – Armor Piercing – this ammunition has a alloy core, instead of lead

BT – Boat Tail – this means that the rear end of the cartridge is tapered to stabilize the projectile in flight

BTHP – Boat Tail Hollow Point is a combination of the Boat Tail and Hollow Point Features

This image demonstrates the cartridges and lists them below in order of descending length:

1. 12 gauge Shotshell
2. 8mm (7.9mm) Mauser
3. 7.62x54mm Russian (Notice that this cartridge does not have a “rim” at the base)
4. 7.62x51mm or .308 Winchester
5. 7.62x39mm Soviet
6. 5.45x39mm Soviet
7. 5.56x45mm NATO or .223 Remington
8. .44 Magnum (Notice that this cartridge does not have a “rim” at the base)
9. .45 Automatic Colt Pistol (ACP)
10. 9x19 Para. (Also known as: Luger, Parabellum, and commonly known as simply “9mm,” although there are other 9mm’s which have different lengths.)
11. .22 Long Rifle

Again, a look at the calibers from the top, to compare their relative diameter:

Elements of Performance:

Now that we’ve had a quick look at the physical characteristics of these cartridges, let’s talk quickly about some elements of performance. This topic is the subject of many books, articles, and Internet posts and would take up a tremendous amount of space to fully explain in one article, but with an understanding of what these things mean, you can go forth and make decisions based on the knowledge you develop.

The word “Ballistics” itself is from the Greek Word ‘Ballein’, which means “to throw’. Just like a football or baseball, when a bullet is fired, it follows a trajectory and is assigned a velocity, and these two things account for the lion’s share of how a bullet performs. The bullet doesn’t fly in a straight line, but is ‘lifted’ and then begins to ‘drop’ as it loses velocity.

That can be illustrated by the following examples of ‘trajectory’:

POA = Point of Aim

POI = Point of Impact

Figures on the left are height in inches

Figures on bottom is distance in yards

Bullets come in various types that are denoted as suffixed acronyms; these bullet types can be visualized hereThe vast majority of bullets are constructed of a solid lead core and a copper covering (called a “jacket”) that contains the lead. Lead is used because it’s an extremely dense yet cheap metal, making it perfect for giving projectiles their weight while keeping the overall size small. Copper is used because it is strong enough to keep the softer lead in shape, but is soft enough to allow the rifling to grip the bullet.

As can be seen, these are not ‘straight lines’, and bullets follow an ‘arc’. This is often considered in how ‘easy’ or ‘difficult’ a particular caliber is to shoot – flatter shooting rounds (like the 5.56mm or 5.45mm) are very easy to hit with because they undergo very little change in elevation over the course of flight.

The bullet, upon impact, is assigned an “energy” rating, which is usually expressed in pounds per square inch, and this value is calculated using the bullet's velocity and mass. I personally prefer to use Joules, as it lets me keep my conversions to a minimum, but we can use the standard formulae to derive a figure:

Kinetic Energy is equal to mass (grams) times velocity squared (meters per second), which would look something like this:

It’s important at this point to discuss a very flaccid term: “stopping power”

This theoretical amount of energy is what people attempt to use to refer to the amount of energy transfer required to make a human being “halt”. The reason that this is such a dangerous misnomer is that in order for a person to be literally ‘stopped’ by the force of a bullet, the person firing that bullet would have to feel an equal or greater amount of recoil.

This means that when a person or animal is struck with a bullet, the impact is less than or equal to the recoil felt by the person firing the bullet, as per Newton’s laws of motion.

So, from this, we can assume henceforth that a person or animal reacts to the psychological pressures of the physical injury and the ‘surprise’, rather than the actual force of the impact.

In short, there is no numerical threshold that can be relied upon to produce ‘stopping power’.

Thoughts on Ammunition:

Ammunition (and caliber) is a hotly contested issue. The 5.56mm has been lauded as inefficient and underpowered, while the Afghans nicknamed the Soviet 5.45 x 39mm “The Poison Bullet” due to the smallest injuries resulting in death.

There’s less than 0.11mm difference between them, so why the disparity? Truthfully, it doesn’t exist.

Design has a lot to do with it – the Russians designed the 5.45 with a hollow cavity in the rear of the bullet, which causes its lighter rear end to ‘turn’ immediately upon impact, sending it on a wildly erratic path once it enters tissue, a process called “keyholing”. The 5.56mm used by American forces, by comparison, is a simple, jacketed ball round, not meant to maim or cause excessive wounding. Bullet design has a lot to do with what the bullet is good at, as well as what it is not.

Ball ammunition, for example, is notorious (in both handguns and rifles) for passing through the intended target (or drywall, OSB, vehicles, and so forth) and striking ‘unintended’ targets. For this reason, Hollow Point ammunition is used by most professionals and citizens. This is because upon striking a target, hollow points rapidly expand in diameter, which creates drag and slows the projectile, making it both larger and more likely to strike vital targets, while decreasing the likelihood that it will pass through the target.

Another important note to make is that Hollow Points, though they sound terrible and nefarious, are actually far safer to use for defense than is ball (which sounds pretty unimpressive) because of this reason. Hollow Points are *not* “Armor Piercing” rounds, and this means they are not regulated in any capacity (yet) though some are restricted to Military and L.E. purchases.

Armor Piercing rounds, while we’re on the subject, have a misnomer.

The body armor worn by police officers (Commonly referred to as IIIA, soft armor, or Kevlar) is penetrable by nearly every single production rifle round that’s above .22 caliber. For this reason, all rifle rounds could be considered “armor piercing”, unless we are discussing military-grade armor (Commonly known as IVA, SAPI or Ceramic Plate armor), which is made specifically to stop military ammunition. Therefore, the only “armor piercing” ammunition that’s made is made for rifles, and it only applies to military grade SAPI plates.

This is an important academic point as the political rhetoric continues to boil over – as a ban on “armor piercing” ammunition could easily be taken to mean “all rifle calibers other than .22”.

So, when you select ammunition for hunting or personal defense, it’s important to learn:

1. The ballistics of the cartridge you’ve selected (how ‘high’ or ‘low’ will the bullet be at a given distance?)
2. How prone will it be to passing through walls, tissue, or vehicles? (Very important for safety and liability reasons – it’s incumbent on you to know where every round you fire goes!)
3. Is the type of ammunition you’ve selected appropriately to the task at hand. For example, there’s no reason to buy hollowpoints to practice your marksmanship! They’re more expensive, and will perform better, but the ball will serve just fine for this role.

Also, if you’re very new to owning firearms, double-check to be sure that you’ve got the right cartridge… By now, you’ll have noticed that there are very common cartridge diameters. The “7.62” for example, could refer to 7.62x25 Tokarov, 7.62x39 Soviet, 7.62x51 Winchester, 7.62x54 Russian, or 7.62x59 (commonly known as .30-’06)!  As well, “9mm” could mean 9mm Kurz (.380ACP), 9x18 Makarov, 9x19 Para., or 9x21 Largo.

The copper jacket starts out as a cup, having been cut from a long sheet. Through a process called “drawing,” the cup is lengthened and shaped to fit the profile of the projectile they’re making. These cups will eventually end up as jackets for 5.56 NATO rounds.

However, while this process is very efficient, it’s extremely difficult to actually get the metal to encase the entire lead core without any gaps. To keep production costs down, bullet manufacturers usually leave one end of the projectile open. Which end is open – and how that’s done – determines the classification of the projectile.

Full Metal Jacket (FMJ)

“Full Metal Jacket” or “FMJ” projectiles usually aren’t actually “full” metal jacketed, but simply have a copper jacket covering the top of the projectile. Military FMJ ammunition is completely covered by a copper jacket (as per the Hague Conventions), which uses a more involved process than traditional civilian ammunition (but doesn’t alter the lethality of the rounds).

FMJ ammunition is manufactured so that the bottom of the original cup of copper becomes the tip of the bullet, producing a continuous jacket of copper over the top of the round. However, most civilian ammunition leaves the base of the lead core uncovered, as illustrated with the bullet on the left in the above images (the ones with the three bullets side by side).

FMJ ammunition is cheap to produce, and therefore is the traditional choice for use on the firing range. The uniform and aerodynamic design of the projectile also makes it the ideal choice for long range precision shooting. However, that streamlined design means that it’s also more likely to penetrate a living target (like a human or an animal) and keep going out the other side, possibly injuring people further downrange and leaving only a small wound in the target. Therefore, for home defense and hunting it’s not advised to use FMJ ammunition.

There are a couple variations of FMJ ammunition that can be recognized by their designations:

• Round Nose (RN) — The tip of the bullet is simply rounded in a spherical shape, not particularly aerodynamic. Used mostly in handgun ammunition and older rifle ammunition.
• Boat Tail (BT) — The rear of the bullet is tapered to give it a more aerodynamic profile. This is common in “match” grade rifle ammunition and long range target ammo.

FMJ ammo is the “default” ammunition style, and the only one where the jacket is “drawn” from the tip. Every other projectile uses a jacket that is “drawn” from the base, and the tip is usually designed to perform some sort of function.

Open Tip (OTM)

With FMJ bullets, the bottom of the cup becomes the tip of the bullet. With “0pen tip” bullets, the opposite is true — the bottom of the cup is the bottom of the bullet. While this covers more of the lead core than the FMJ projectile, it leaves an opening at the tip of the bullet where the jacket was drawn together. Many people mistake this for “hollow point” ammunition, but the point is too small to work that way.

Open tip bullets are preferred by long distance shooters as the manufacturing process is more consistent than with FMJ projectiles, leading to higher quality bullets and better performance at long distance. These projectiles are often referred to as “OTM” or “Open Tip Match” to indicate that they are held to a higher standard than regular ammunition.

Due to the construction of the projectiles, open tip bullets perform nearly identically to FMJ projectiles.

Hollow Point (HP)

For self defense or hunting, hollow point bullets are the way to go. Following the same general manufacturing process as the “open tip” bullets, these projectiles feature an exaggerated opening at the front of the bullet. The idea is that this opening will force the projectile to expand upon impact with a target, dumping all of the energy of that round and creating a massive wound. However, that gaping hole in the front of the bullet also creates an immense amount of drag and negatively impacts the long range capabilities.

Gun control advocates have successfully branded hollow point rounds as “cop killer” bullets in a couple states and have implemented legislation banning their use based on the claim that they are in fact “armor piercing.” However, as we have tested and proven, that’s not the case.

Hollow point ammo is the favorite choice for police officers and those who carry a concealed weapon for one simple reason: when they hit something, they stop. They don’t keep going like FMJ rounds can and injure people on the other side of the target.

Soft Point (SP)

While hollow point ammunition is great for handgun rounds, when you’re hunting at longer ranges with a rifle you need a round  with better ballistic properties. One of the first attempts to make a projectile with the accuracy of a FMJ bullet and the “terminal ballistics” (how well it does when it hits a target) of a HP round was the “soft point” bullet.

The main difference between a soft point bullet and an open tip bullet is that with the SP, some of the lead core is protruding from the front of the round. This gives the bullet a more aerodynamic shape than the OTM bullets, and also has a tendency to flatten the projectile when it hits a target. The bullets don’t open up as dramatically as a HP round, but it’s still better than nothing. Especially where HP rounds are illegal.

But if you’re looking for a really good hunting round for your rifle, there’s something far better out there than a soft point bullet.

Ballistic Tip

How do you get the benefits of a hollow point with the long range accuracy of a FMJ? By adding a small piece of plastic. “Ballistic tip” bullets feature an exaggerated opening in the tip of the copper jacket to allow the bullet to expand upon impact, but that hole is covered by a cone shaped piece of plastic that allows the bullet to perform as if it were a FMJ. It’s a pretty nifty design, and one that I use to great effect in my hunting ammunition. I used a ballistic tip bullet to bring down a deer on opening day of the last hunting season.

Other Bullet Types

While a lead core is the standard for bullet construction, there are some other interesting designs that are purpose built for specific roles. Here are a few:

• Frangible — These bullets are made out of compressed granules of copper, and are designed to shatter upon impact with a hard surface. They are used mainly as training ammunition in shoot houses, where over-penetration is a serious concern.
• Steel Core / Armor Piercing — The lead core is replaced with a solid dart shaped chunk of steel, designed to pierce body armor and some light skinned vehicles. This is the standard M855 5.56 NATO ammunition. This can ruin steel targets, and cause ricochet hazards if used improperly.
• Tracer — A chemical is painted onto the projectile that burns as the round flies downrange. This allows shooters to see where their bullet flies, but also keeps burning after the projectile lands and can start fires.

The Chemistry of a Bullet

A gunman pulls the trigger and a bullet flies out the barrel in a split second. So the question is, how? What goes on in that very short period of time when the cartridge is hit to when the bullet leaves the barrel? To understand this we have to get down to the basics.

 In order for the shot to exit the barrel there must be a force exerted, this force is seen in Newton’s second low of motion, “When a body is acted upon by a constant force, the resulting acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of the body and is directly proportional to the applied force.” The force that is used to expel the shot from the barrel is achieved through the use of gunpowder. Gunpowder is the propellant used and at a homogeneous mixture of “KNO₃ at 74.0%, sulfur at 10.4%, and charcoal at 15.6%,” it is very flammable (23, Rinker). But this is just a portion of the material used, because in order for the gunpowder to light a primer must be used. 

When the firing pin of the rifle hits the center of the case compressor (the extended bump at the back of the cartridge), it will ignite the primer which will then ignite the powder when the “flame passes through vents in the anvil”(19, Rinker). Primers used today consist mainly of “lead styphnate” and, depending on the manufacturer, a mixture of some of the following; “TNT, lead or copper sulphocyanide, lead peroxide, sulfur, tetryl, barium peroxide, and barium nitrate” (19, Rinker). The gunpowder, as a propellant, has “chemical energy” which is converted to move the projectile down the barrel. 

    This conversion involves three steps; chemically the propellant “converts or decomposes almost completely into a gas.” Thermodynamically the energy is “changed into heat which in turn creates motion-power,” and physically the “hot gas pushes the projectile, [then] it reacts to the friction and creates a [sic] recoil” that will force the rifle up and back against the shooter(21, Rinker). Once this process has occurred, it will cause a buildup of a great amount of pressure behind the bullet due to the expansion of the gases. This gas will propel the bullet down the rifled interior of the barrel, which give the bullet spin, and out into the air.
Collection G.Pavan

Assembling A Mercedes AMG engine

மீளத் துளிர்க்கும் மட்டுநகரின் சில கலை வடிவங்கள்:

இலங்கையின் கிழக்கே மட்டக்களப்பு ( மட்டக்களப்பு மற்றும் அம்பாறை மாவட்டங்கள்) பிராந்தியத்துக்கு உரித்தான சில கலைவடிவங்கள் மிகவும் பிரசித்தமானவை.

ஆனாலும் கடந்த 30 வருடகால அமைதியீனம் அந்தக் கலைகள் பலவற்றை அருகிப் போகச் செய்துள்ளது.

இருந்தபோதிலும் அங்கு இப்போது மோதலற்ற ஒரு நிலை கடந்த சில வருடங்களாக காணப்படுவதால், அந்தக் கலைகளை மீண்டும் துளிர்க்கச் செய்யும் பல முயற்சிகளையும் காணக்கூடியதாக இருக்கின்றது.

இவை குறித்து எமது பூபாலரட்ணம் சீவகன் தயாரித்து வழங்கும் ஒரு காணொளி.

நாகபூசணி அம்மன் ஆலய வருடாத்திர மகோற்சவ தேர்த்திருவிழா

Leadership

Arivom Aayiram- APPS | Family Locator, Crook Catcher, No Last Seen or ...

Arivom Aayiram - White Flour (Maida) and Its Harmful Effects | Parotta

Thermoelectric Fan Powered by Heat

 

 Concept:
It is also called a peltier element and when you use it as a generator it's called seebeck effect. You have one hot side and one cold. The module generates power to drive a motor and the motor fan/air flow will cool the upper heat sink. Higher temperature difference => increased output power => increased motor RPM => increased air flow => increased temperature difference and so on. The airflow will spread the heat into your room, which is the purpose of this construction.

If you unmounts the basement you could also use it as a stove-fan or move air from other heat sources. The motor start to turn at about 15 degrees difference, which to my surprise worked when I just went outdoors with it and the upper heat sink got cooler than the basement. You can place it in hot water, on an ice cube, a pizza and it works just as fine.

Total cost was about 50€ (incl. shipping costs). I used some spare parts but I bought most of it.

Components used:
• CPU-cooler (cold side): Zalman CNPS5X (Base plate: 33x33mm)
• CPU-cooler (hot side): From an old PC (WxLxH=78x63x67mm)
• TEC-module: TEC1-07110T200 (30x30x3.3mm)
• DC Motor: 1,5-3V
• USB-fan (metal, only needed the fan)
• Thermal paste: Arctic MX-4
• A piece of wood
• Two pull springs
• Four M4 bolts and two M3 bolts
• Aluminum tubes (optional)

TEC specification (at ΔT=68C):
Vmax: 8.5
Imax: 10
Qmax: 52.7
Tmax: 200 degrees Celsius
Source: http://www.termo-gen.com

Construction:
First of all, it does not need to be exactly those components. Other heat sinks, TEC/TEG, motor, fan, thermal paste, bolts and base plate can be used. Main concept rules are:

• A TEC or TEG module (smaller dimension than upper heat sink base plate). Specifications are not that important but make sure it can handle high temperature. Many modules are only 100 degrees C and then you need to modify the construction as it gets warmer than that.
• One hot side that is not hotter than TEC max-temp (My candle flame never touches the surface)
• One cold side, an efficient heat sink (heat pipes) are a good choice
• Good thermal paste to maximize temperature difference
• Low voltage motor, around 1V. I prefer it to be quite (low dB)
• Fan with high air flow at low RPM
• Base plate that adds stability, holder for light, isolate heat
• 
  

The lower heat sink (hot side) was cut and polished to get it nice looking. I kept 5mm of the fins to absorb the heat well when the light flame burns and increases distance to the surface. New dimensions are 78x63x15mm. 4 holes are drilled through the heat sink and threaded as M4. 4 bolts will hold the lower heat sink on top of a wooden platform. Bolts go through the platform from below, covered with aluminum pipes for a better looking design and are screwed into the heat sink. The distance between wood and heat sink is 35mm but I would make it 40-45mm as the flame almost touches the surface. You don´t want that because it creates black soot. The lower heat sink gets really warm but at the same time it works as a cooler to not get TOO warm, that would melt the TEG-module.

Two springs attached to M3 bolts fixate the upper heat sink on the lower, with TEC-module and thermal paste in between. Both surfaces of the TEC are covered with a thin smooth layer of thermal paste. The springs adds pressure as well as isolate the heat to travel to the cold side. The upper heat sink could also be screwed into the lower heat sink but then you need isolated screws.

The TEC is directly attached/soldered to the motor and the motor is attached to the upper heat sink by another small piece of metal and a cable tie. The fan is attached to the motor with a small belt wheel and glue.

Result:
I think the hot aluminum part get to about 100-150 Celsius, I measured the temp with a grill thermometer covered in thermal paste but can´t tell how accurate it was. I measured 0.4V and 0.25A with one candle and 0.67V and 0.54A with two. That results in 0.1W resp. 0.36W output power. The efficiency to produce electricity this way is not that impressive though. A candle produce about 25 Watts, that means 0.7% efficiency.. But who cares, everything this machine does will eventually end up in heat any way =) That is a bit interesting, you increase the room-heating speed (I think) but looses nothing..

It is a bit noisy to have running all the time. To find the optimal motor/fan => airflow/noise level will require some more experimenting.

Mod Proposals:

• Skip the base platform and bolts and use it as a stove-fan.
• Use two/four TECs side-by-side to multiply output power. Add a 5-10mm thick copper plate that covers all modules and then place the CPU-cooler on top of that.
• Use a brushless DC motor and a suitable fan to make it noiseless.
• Build in a slow motor beneath the platform to make the whole thing spin 360 degrees.
• Put wheels on the platform.

Edit:
I have changed the motor to a "Tamiya 76005 Solar Motor 02 (Mabuchi RF-500TB)". Got it on Ebay. It´s incredibly strong at low RPM and I give it only 0.5V. A very good motor, but best of all, it´s quiet! I cannot hear it at 2m distance at full speed. It also gives stronger air flow. Now I can run it all time =)

Low-cut dresses dramatically boost women's job application chances

"Wearing a low-cut dress in a job application photograph dramatically increases a woman's chances of receiving an interview, new research has suggested.

A study due to be unveiled at a world-leading conference starting in London tomorrow (Tuesday June 28) showed female applicants were 19 times more successful in securing job interviews when pictured in revealing clothing rather than more conservative dress.

The research carried out in Paris found that women stood a much greater chance of earning job interviews for both sales and accounting roles."

மானிப்பாய் என்ற ஊருக்கு பெயர் வந்த வரலாறு

இற்றைக்கு 2000 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன் இலங்கையும் இந்தியாவும் இணைந்த நிலப்பரப்பாய் இருந்த வேளையிலே வனவாசம் செய்து கொண்டிருந்த இராமர் சீதையின் அருகில் அழகிய மான் ஒன்று உலாவக்கண்டு மையல் கொண்ட சீதை அதைப்பிடித்துத் தன்னிடம் தரும்படி நாயகனை வேண்டிநிற்க தன் மனைவியில் கொண்ட காதலினால்; இராமர் மானைத்துரத்திச் சென்றார். அந்த மாயமானும் இராமருக்கு போக்குக்காட்டி ஏமாற்றிக்கொண்டே பாய்ந்து ஓடுகிறது. களைப்படைந்த இராமபிரான் கெஞ்சும் குரலில் மானிடம் வேண்டுகோள் விடுக்கின்றார்.

”மானே நிற்பாய்” என்பதுதான் அந்த வேண்டுகோள். மானே நிற்பாய் என்ற இடம்தான் மானிப்பாய் என்ற ஊராகும். அந்தவேண்டுகோளை விடுத்த இராமன் மானை நோக்கி அம்பினை எய்தார். அம்புபட்ட மான் அம்பெய்த இடத்திலுருந்து ஜந்து கிலோ மீற்றர் தொலைவில் இருக்கின்ற இளவாலையில் விழுந்தது. மானாக வடிவமெடுத்து வந்தவர் இராவணனின் மாமனாரான மாரீசன். எனவே மான் விழுந்த இடத்தினை மாரீசன்கூடல் என இன்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.

இராமன் அம்பெய்துவிட்டு சீதையை நோக்கித் திரும்புகையில் இலக்குமணனை சந்தித்து இலக்கமணனோடு சீதையை விட்டுச்சென்ற இடத்திற்கு வந்து கொண்டிருக்கும் பொழுது சீதையை இராவணன் தனது புஸ்பக விமானத்தில் ஏற்றிக்கொண்டு இலங்காபுரிக்கு திரும்பினான். இராமனும் இலக்குமணனும் இந்தியாவிற்குள் நுளைந்த பின் இராவணன் தான் சிவனிடம் பெற்ற வரங்களின் சக்தியால் பூகம்பத்தை உருவாக்கி இலங்கையையும் இந்தியாவையும் பிரித்தான்.

இராமனும் இலக்குமணனும் சீதையை காணாது சடாயு மூலம் இடையில் நடந்த சூழ்ச்சியை அறிந்து பின்னர் சீதையை மீட்கவே இலங்கைக்கும் இந்தியாவிற்கும் இடையில் அணையிட்டு இராவணனைக் கொன்று சீதையை மீட்டான்.
இராவணனை கொன்றபின் அந்த தோசம் நீங்குவதற்கு திருக்கேதீச்சரம் காரைநகர்ச்சிவன்கோவில் யாழ்நகர்வில்லூன்றிப்பிள்ளையார் ஆலயம் போன்ற இடங்களில் பூசை செய்தார். இவ்விடங்கள் எல்லாம் ஆலயங்கள் உருவாக்கப்பட்டு இன்றும் வழிபடப்படுகின்றன. ஆனால் மானிப்பாயில் ஆலயம் அமைத்து பூசை நடைபெறாவிடினும் முதன் முதல் இலங்கையில் இராமபிரானின் பாதம் பட்ட புண்ணிய பூமிதான் மானிப்பாய் ஆகும். மானிப்பாய் என்ற ஊருக்கு பெயர் வந்த வரலாறும் இதுவாகும். ;)

பிடித்திருந்தால் ஷேர் செய்யுங்கள் 

Georgy Kurasov Paintings The borderline existence

Georgy Kurasov was born in 1958 in the USSR, in what was then Leningrad. He still lives and works in the same place, but now the country is Russia and the city is called St Petersburg. Without any effort on his part whatsoever, Georgy seems to have emigrated from one surreal country to another.

His native city was irrational from the very moment of its foundation. Situated on the same latitude as the southern shores of Alaska, on the swampy delta of the River Neva where no one had ever settled before, this new capital city grew up on the very edge of a monstrous empire. 

Here on the totally flat surface carved across by rivers, streams and canals, European architects laid out, like images on a canvas, straight avenues, streets and squares, they built Greco-Roman porticoes and Baroque palazzi, erected sculptures and fountains, amidst something akin to permafrost where half the year is dominated by ice and frost and the other half by damp and rain.

It is hard to find a more artificial – more artistic – city.

Georgy spent his childhood on the Petrograd Side, to the north of the city, in a tiny little flat with windows that looked out onto an even tinier courtyard. As far as he recalls, he modelled things in plasticine and drew resting on the vast wooden windowsills. Not so much aesthetic pastimes as compensations for the grey minimalism of everyday life, the absence of light and bright colours. 

At thirteen years old his mother put him in the art school attached to the Academy of Arts. At the interview it was politely explained that there was nothing for Georgy in the painting department since he had a total lack of feeling for colour. So they suggested Georgy Kurasov join the sculpture class.

In some way he was pleased, since all the painted images they showed him seemed terribly boring, and Georgy had great interest in form.

That was when he began his professional training.

In 1977 Georgy Kurasov entered the sculpture department of the Academy of Arts.

He spent six years in the vast studio of a building erected during the time of Catherine the Great, in the late 18th century. Those gloomy, narrow, incredibly high vaulted corridors, the vast, cold, grimy studios, everything was inhabited by the ghosts of long dead masters of ages past, whose influence was far more real than the insignificant apologists of Socialist Realism and of Marxist-Leninist aesthetics. The Academy was a solid amalgamation of temple to and prison of the arts. 

Yet those years in the Academy were the best years of his life. Nearly all Georgy’s friends and colleagues date from those years.

The circles he moved in were intellectual, talented, young – which meant free, with the exception of the one or two informers that were simply an obligatory element of life in those years and did little to alter the overall picture.

It was then that Georgy met his wonderful Zina, who was later to occupy nearly all his space, both physical, in his life, and creative, in his works.

Almost immediately after his diploma Georgy Kurasov was called up for army service, but even there he was armed not with a rifle but with paints, since he was lucky enough to be appointed Court Artist to his general.

In 1984 Georgy Kurasov was at last demobbed. He was free. 

Over the next few years he took part in all kinds of exhibitions and competitions in order to score the Brownie points necessary to gain membership of the Union of Artists, since that was more or less the only way of being allocated a separate studio. 

It was not the easiest of times. In order to take part in exhibitions you had to have something to display. And in order to create that something to display, you had to have a place in which to create it. Georgy had nowhere.

At last, however, he managed to join the happy ranks of members of the Union of Artists, was allocated his tiny studio, and thought he was at the very peak of happiness. All around him the country was in turmoil, at the very heights of Gorbachev’s ‘perestroika’, people passionately quenching their thirst for information whilst battling with a hunger of somewhat more concrete physical nature caused by food shortages.

Things were now rather difficult for artists, particularly as far as sculpture was concerned. Sculpture, as is well known, is an art form for either rich or totalitarian states. The totalitarian state had ceased to exist but it had not become rich.

Georgy Kurasov started to paint, but it soon became clear that selling his pictures for any acceptable price was going to be impossible, and so he had to feed his family by producing small pastels which Georgy sold through small galleries dealing mainly in souvenirs for foreign tourists.

In 1991 the Soviet Union collapsed. By that time Kurasov had put together a large body of paintings, but had absolutely no idea what he was going to do with them. The future looked bleak.

Then in 1993 his works were first exhibited in the USA. Since then, Georgy Kurasov have exhibited and sold his paintings exclusively in North America.

It is many years since he dropped out of the world of sculpture in Russia, and he never formed part of the world of painting there. Kurasov knows there are plenty of people who, noting the absence of his works at Russian exhibitions, think he has emigrated.

Americans see Georgy Kurasov as a Russian artist, Russians as an American artist. Painters think he is a sculptor. Sculptors are sure he is a painter.

And when Georgy Kurasov thinks of it, he rather like this borderline existence. Perhaps it what makes it possible to be himself, to be unlike anyone else. 

Crimes and Misdemeanors

Written, directed by and co-starring Woody Allen, Crimes and Misdemeanors is a 1989 comedy-drama which also stars Martin Landau, Mia Farrow, Anjelica Huston, Jerry Orbach, Alan Alda, Sam Waterston and Joanna Gleason.

Crimes and Misdemeanors follows to main characters and story lines. The first involves Dr. Judah Rosenthal (Landau), a prominent married ophthalmologist who is having an affair with a flight attendant named Dolores Paley (Huston). When it becomes apparent that Rosenthal is not planning to leave his family, Dolores threatens to expose their relationship to his wife as well as bringing to light some questionable financial arrangements Rosenthal has been making. Desperate to save his marriage and career, Rosenthal turns to his brother Jack (Orbach), who has ties to the mob and offers to make his problem "go away". Meanwhile Cliff Stern (Woody Allen) is a filmmaker who has been forced to do a documentary on his arrogant brother-in-law, Lester (Alan Alda), a successful television-producer, in order to finance his own documentary on philosopher Prof. Louis Levy (Martin Bergmann). Whilst doing so, Cliff falls for Lester's associate producer, Halley Reed (Farrow) although she rebuffs him. Towards the end of the film Rosenthal and Stern meet at the party of the daughter of Rabbi Ben (Waterston), who is the former's patient and the latter's brother-in-law.

One of Allen's greatest comedy-dramas, Crimes and Misdemeanors strikes a near perfect balance between the two and manages to remain damn funny despite its overall very pessimistic tone. Allen creates another great ensemble piece and manages to, seemingly effortlessly, blend many different characters and story lines. The film unflinchingly examines various moral and ethical quandaries and is one of the director's most philosophical and thought-provoking entries in his filmography. Crimes and Misdemeanors was nominated for three Academy Awards, including Best Director and Screenplay, a Golden Globes for Best Drama Film, and Six BAFTA Awards, including Best Film, Director and Screenplay. It won Best Film, Director and Screenplay at the Boston Society of Film Critics Awards, Film, Director and Screenplay of the Year at the London Critics Circle Film Awards and Best Screenplay from the Writers Guild of America.

திருகோணமலை திருக்கோணேஸ்வரத்தின் தொன்மையான தோற்றங்களும் புராதன விக்ரகங்களின் புகைப்படமும்

Hinduism:Zakkir Naik is exposed by a hindu scholar

நீதிமன்றக் கட்டடத் தொகுதியின் கீழ் பதவி வெற்றிடங்கள்!

Brave Hindu Girl Question To Confused Dr Zakir Naik

NALANDA ANCIENT UNIVERSITY..

THE history of Nalanda, the ancient university town of Bihar India, goes back to the days of Buddha and Mahavira in the Sixth Century B.C. The town was home to Nalanda Mahavihara, a monastic university of international repute.

Both Buddha and Mahavira often stayed at Nalanda during the rainy season. Buddhist scriptures reveal that they once stayed at Nalanda at the same time, but there is no record of them meeting one another.

Ancient Buddhist sources say that Asoka, the Mauryan emperor (Third Century B.C) built a temple at Nalanda. It was a flourishing hub where the philosopher and alchemist, Nagarjuna, studied and taught in the Second Century A.D. However, excavations have not revealed anything to suggest that the site was occupied before the Gupta period (Fifth Century A.D.), the earliest finds being a copper plate of Samudragupta and a coin of Kumaragupta (414-455 A.D.). Fa-Hien who visited in the Fifth Century A.D. makes no mention of the massive monastic establishments at Nalanda. But Hiuen Tsang who came in A.D 637 during Harsha's reign (606-647 A.D.) refers to the great monastery that Harsha endowed with liberal grants.

Pascal's Principle Used in Braking System