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Thursday, April 5, 2012

கல்லீரல் புற்றுநோயை கட்டுப்படுத்தும் நீரிழிவு மருந்துகள்




டைப் 2 நீரிழிவிற்காக உட்கொள்ளப்படும் மருந்துகள் ஆரம்ப கட்டத்தில் உள்ள கல்லீரல் புற்றுநோயை குணப்படுத்தும் என சமீபத்திய ஆய்வொன்றின் மூலம் தெரியவந்துள்ளது.
நீரிழிவு நோய்க்காக உட்கொள்ளப்படும் மருந்தான மெட்பார்மின் ஆரம்பகட்டத்தில் உள்ள கல்லீரல் புற்றுநோயை குணப்படுத்துவதோடு கல்லீரல் புற்றுக்கட்டி அதிகம் வளர்ச்சியடையாமல் தடுப்பதாகவும் ஆய்வாளர்கள் தெரிவித்துள்ளனர்.
உலகம் முழுவதும் பல்லாயிரக்கணக்கானோர் கல்லீரல் புற்றுநோயினால் பாதிக்கப்பட்டு உயிரிழக்கின்றனர். இந்த புற்றுநோயை தடுப்பது குறித்து மேரிலாண்டு பல்கலைக்கழகத்தைச் சேர்ந்த ஆய்வாளர்கள் ஆய்வு மேற்கொண்டனர்.
50 சதவிகிதத்திற்கு மேல் கல்லீரல் புற்றுநோயால் பாதிக்கப்பட்ட எலிகளுக்கு டைப் 2 நீரிழிவுக்கு உட்கொள்ளப்படும் மெட்டாபார்மின் மருந்துகளை கொடுத்து சோதனை மேற்கொள்ளப்பட்டது.
அதில் எலிகளுக்கு இருந்த புற்றுநோய் 37 சதவிகிதம் குணமடைந்தது கண்டறியப்பட்டது. டைப் 2 நீரிழிவு நோய்க்காக உட்கொள்ளப்படும் மருந்தான மெட்பார்மின் ஆரம்பகட்டத்தில் உள்ள கல்லீரல் புற்றுநோயை குணப்படுத்துவதோடு கல்லீரல் புற்றுக்கட்டி அதிகம் வளர்ச்சியடையாமல் தடுப்பதாகவும் ஆய்வாளர்கள் தெரிவித்துள்ளனர்.
மனித உடலில் குளுக்கோசானது கொழுப்பு அமிலமாக மாற்றப்படுகிறது. இது கல்லீரல் மூலமாக லிப்போகெனிசிஸ் ஆக மாற்றப்படுகிறது.
இந்த மாற்றத்தில் பிரச்சினை எழும் போது தான் மனிதர்களுக்கு நீரிழிவு, மஞ்சள் காமாலை, கல்லீரல் புற்றுநோய் போன்றவை ஏற்படுகின்றன.
அதேசமயம் டைப் 2 நீரிழிவுக்காக எடுத்துக் கொள்ளப்படும் மெட்டோபார்மின் மருந்து குளுக்கோஸ் அளவை குறைக்கிறது. அத்துடன் கல்லீரல் புற்றுநோயையும் படிப்படியாக கட்டுப்படுத்துகிறது என்கின்றனர் ஆய்வாளர்கள்.

பழந்தமிழர் விளையாட்டுக்கள்



 
விளையாட்டு என்றவுடன் மட்டைப்பந்து, உதைப்பந்து ஆகியவைதான் நம் நினைவுக்கு வருகிறது. ஏனென்றால் அவ்விளையாட்டுகளில் தான் பணம் கிடைக்கிறது. நம் நாட்டில் உண்மையான திறமைக்கு மதிப்பு இருக்கிறதா? என்றால் நிட்சயம் இல்லை என்று தான் கூறவேண்டும்.

 விளையாட்டு என்றால் என்ன? நாம் விளையாட்டை எவ்வாறு கருதுகிறோம் ? பணம் கொடுக்கும் ஒரு இயந்திரமாக நாம் கருதி வருகின்றோம். பணத்திற்காக விளையடுபவர்களே இன்றைய காலகட்டத்தில் அதிகமாக உள்ளனர் இந்நிலையில் நம் நாடு எப்படி ஒலிம்பிக்கில் தங்கப் பதக்கம் வெல்லும்?

 சீனா போன்ற நாடுகளில் திறமைக்குத் தான் மதிப்பளிக்கிறார்கள். குழந்தைகளைப் பள்ளியிலேயே சென்று அவர்களின் திறமையை அறிந்து அவர்களின் திறமையை வளர்க்கிறார்கள். அதனால் அந்த நாடுகள் ஒலிம்பிக் போட்டிகளில் பதக்கப்பட்டியலில் முன்னிலை வகிக்கின்றன.

 ஆனால் பழந்தமிழர் (ஆண்கள், பெண்கள், சிறுவர்கள், முதியவர்) பல்வேறு விளையாட்டுகளை விளையாடி மகிழ்ந்தனர். உடலையும் மனதையும் நலமாக வைத்திருந்தனர். விளையாட்டு என்பது பொழுது போக்க மட்டும் பயன்படுவதில்லை மாறாக உடலையும், மனதையும் நலம் பெறச் செய்வதாக கொண்டு அதை ஒரு நெறியாக மதித்து வந்தனர்.

                                               பழந்தமிழர்கள் மரபு வழி வந்த விளையாட்டுக்கள் சில காண்போம் 
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1.அசதியாடல்(இருபாலர்) நகைச்சுவையாகப் பேசி மகிழ்தல்.

2.அம்புலி அழைத்தல்(இருபாலர்) நிலாவை அழைத்து விளையாடுதல். 

3.அலவன் ஆட்டல்(இருபாலர்) நண்டைப் பிடித்து       விளைளயாடுதல். 
                    
 4.உலாவல்(இருபாலர்) இயற்கையான சூழலில் நடந்து செல்லுதல்.

 5.ஊசல்(இருபாலர்) மரத்தில் கயிறு கட்டி முன்னும் பின்னும் ஆடி விளையாடுதல்.

 6.எதிரொலி கேட்டல்(பெண்) மலைப்பகுதிகளில் ஒலி எழுப்பித் திரும்பிக் கேட்கும் ஒலி கேட்டு விளையாடுதல்.

7.எண்ணி விளையாடல்(இருபாலர்) ஒன்று,இரண்டு என்று மரத்தையோ,விலங்குகளையோ எண்ணிப் பொழுது போக்காக ஆடுதல்.
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8.ஏறுகோள்(ஆண்) மாடு பிடித்தல். இன்று ஏறுதழுவுதல், மஞ்சு விரட்டு,ஜல்லிக்கட்டு என அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. சங்க காலத்தில் வலிமையான மாட்டைஅடக்குபவனையே பெண்கள் திருமணம் செய்து கொண்டனர். 

"கொல்லேற்றுக் கோடஞ்சுவானை மறுமையும் புல்லாளே ஆய மகள்" என்கிறது கலித்தொகை வலிமையான காளையை அடக்கிய ஆடவனையே சங்க காலமகளிர் திருமணம் செய்து கொண்டனர். அவ்வாறு காளையை அடக்க முடியாத ஆடவனை அடுத்த மறுபிறவியிலும் விரும்ப மாட்டேன் என்கிறாள் இந்தப் பெண். 

9.கண் புதைத்து விளையாடல்(பெண்) இன்று கண்ணாமூச்சி என்று இவ்விளையாட்டு அழைக்கப்படுகிறது 

10.கவண்(பெண்) கிளைத்த கம்புகளில் வாரைக்கட்டி அதில் கல்லை வைத்து எறிந்து விளையாடுதல். 

11.கழங்கு(பெண்) சொட்டாங்கி என்று கிராமங்களில் இவ்விளையாட்டு அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.
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 12.குதிரையேற்றமும், யானையேற்றமும்(ஆண்)
குதிரை, யானை ஆகியவற்றை அடக்குவதாகவும், தம் கட்டுப்பாட்டுக்குள் வைப்பதாகவும் இவ்விளையாட்டு அமைந்தது.

13.குரவை(பெண்) இது ஒரு வகையான கூத்து. பெண்கள் ஆடுவது மரபு. 

14.சாம விளையாட்டு(ஆண்) இரவில் ஆண்கள் விளையாடும் விளையாட்டு. 

15.குறும்பு விளையாட்டு (இருபாலர்) நகைச்சுவையாக விளையாடுவது. 

16.சிறுசோறு(பெண்) பெண்கள் சோறு சமைப்பது போல விளையாடுவது. 

17.சிறுதேர்(ஆண்) முக்காற்சிறு தேர் உருட்டி விளையாடுவது. 

18.சிறுபறை(ஆண்) பறை என்பது தோலால் ஆன இசைக்கருவி. இதனை இசைத்து மகிழ்வது இவ்விளையாட்டாகும். 

19.சிற்றில் சிதைத்தல்.(ஆண்) பெண்கள் கட்டிய சிறு வீட்டை ஆண்கள் இடித்து விளையாடுவது. 

20சுண்ண விளையாட்டு(பெண்) நறுமணம் வீசும் பல நிறப் பொடிகளை ஒருவர் மீது ஒருவர் வீசி விளையாடுவது. 
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 21.சூது(இருபாலர்) ஏதாவது ஒரு பொருளை ஈடாக வைத்து விளையாடுவது.

22.செடி கொடி வளர்ப்பு(பெண்) சங்க கால மக்கள் இயற்கையோடு இயைபுற்று வாழ்ந்தார்கள். செடி கொடி வளர்ப்பதையே பெண்கள் ஒரு விளையாட்டாகச் செய்தனர். 

23.நீர் விளையாட்டு(இருபாலர்) நீரில் குதித்து விளையாடுதல், அங்கு வரும் நண்டுகளைப் பிடித்து விளையாடுதல். 

24.பந்து(இருபாலர்) பந்தினை வைத்து பல்வேறு விளையாட்டுகளை விளையாடினர். 

25.பறவைகளைக் காணுதலும் அவற்றைப் போலச் செய்தலும்(இருபாலர்) 

 மொழியின் தோற்றக்கூறுகளுள் போலச் செய்தலும் ஒன்றாகும். சங்ககாலத்தில் பெண்கள் பறவைகளைக் கண்டு அவற்றின் ஒலியைப் போலச் செய்து மகிழ்ந்தனர்.
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 26.பறவை வளர்ப்பும் விலங்கு வளர்ப்பும்(பெண்) பறவை, விலங்குகளை வளர்ப்பதை சங்க கால மகளிர் ஒரு விளையாட்டாகவே கொண்டிருந்தனர்.

27.பறவை விலங்குகளுடன் விளையாடுதல்(இருபாலர்) பறவை, விலங்குகளோடு விளையாடுவதை இருபாலரும் விளையாட்டாகக் கொண்டனர். 

28.பாவை விளையாட்டு(பெண்) பொம்மை போல செய்து விளையாடுவது. 

29.பிசி நொடி விளையாட்டு(பெண்) விடுகதை கூறி விளையாடுவது. 

30.மணற்குவியலில் மறைந்து விளையாடல்(பெண்) 
பெரிய மணற்குவியல்களில் மறைந்து ஒருவரை ஒருவர் கண்டு விளையாடினர்.
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 31.மலர் கொய்தலும் மாலை தொடுத்தலும்(பெண்)
பல விதமான மலர்களையும் கொய்து மாலையாக்கி மகிழ்ந்தனர்.

32.மல்(ஆண்) ஆடவர் இருவர் ஒருவரை ஒருவர் தம் வலிமையால் அடக்க முற்படுதல் இவ்விளையாட்டின் அடிப்படையாகும். 

33.வட்டு (ஆண்) வட்டமான இரும்பு போன்ற பொருளை எறிந்து விளையாடுதல். 

34.வள்ளை(பெண்) பெண்கள் கூடி பாடல் பாடி ஆடுவது இவ்விளையாட்டின் பண்பாகும். 

35.வில் விளையாட்டு(ஆண்) நரம்பால் செய்த வில்லை குறிவைத்து எறிந்து விளையாடுவது. வில்லில் இருந்து எழுந்த ஒலியே யாழ் என்னும் இசைக்கருவி தோன்றக் காரணமானது. யாழுள் வில்யாழ் என்னும் ஒரு யாழும் உண்டு. 
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 36.வேட்டை. (ஆண்) விலங்குகளை வேட்டையாடித் தம் வீரத்தை வெளிப்படுத்துவதாக இவ்விளையாட்டு அமைகிறது.


   பழந்தமிழரின் விளையாட்டுச் சுவடுகள் இன்றும் பல வடிவங்களில் உள்ளன. இவற்றைப்பற்றி மேலும் அறிந்து கொள்ள, சங்க இலக்கிய விளையாட்டுக் களஞ்சியம் என்னும் நூலைக் காணலாம்.

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சுய முயற்சி இருந்தால் வெற்றி நமதே



 
சூழ்நிலைக்கேற்ப அனுசரிக்கப் பழகிக் கொள்ளுங்கள். அதற்காக உங்கள் நோக்கத்தைக் கைவிட வேண்டியதில்லை.


வெளிப்படையாகப் பேசுங்கள். ஆனால் முரட்டுத்தனம் வேண்டாம்.துணிவுடன் இருங்கள். ஆனால், எதிர்ப்புணர்வைக் காட்டாதீர்கள்.

தொடர்ந்து கடுமையாக உழையுங்கள்... விட்டு விட்டு உழைப்பதில் பலனில்லை.


ஏதாவது ஒன்றில் விசேஷமான திறமை பெறுங்கள். அதற்காக உங்களை குறுக்கிக் கொண்டு தெளிவை 
இழக்க வேண்டியதில்லை.



எழுத்திலும் பேச்சிலும் திறமையினை வளர்த்துக் கொள்ளுங்கள். வெறும் வார்த்தை ஜாலங்களில் 
ஈடுபடாதீர்கள்.



அடிப்படைகளையும் விவரங்களையும் தனித்தனியாகப் பிரித்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள். செயலுக்குத் திட்டமிடுங்கள். அதே சமயம் விவரங்களை அலட்சியப் படுத்தாதீர்கள்.

மனித இனத்தில் நம்பிக்கை வையுங்கள். தன்னம்பிக்கையுடன் இருங்கள். ஏமாளியாகவோ, தலை கர்வத்துடனோ இருக்காதீர்கள்.



மனதில் சித்திரம் உருவாக்கி முன்கூட்டியே திட்டமிடுங்கள். உடனடியான எதிர்காலத்தை மறந்து நீண்ட எதிர்காலத்திற்குத் திட்டமிடாதீர்கள்.

மரியாதைக் குறைவினையோ, வெறுப்பையோ வளர்த்துக் கொள்ளாதீர்கள்.வேலையை நேசியுங்கள். அதுவே முழு திருப்தியை அளிக்கும். முயற்சியை வளர்த்துக் 
கொள்ளுங்கள். சிறிய குழிகள்தான் பெரிய பள்ளங்களாகின்றன. துணிவுடன், நேர்மையுடன் இருங்கள். கஷ்டங்களைக் கடக்க அது உங்களுக்கு உதவும்.
 

ராஜ்குமார்.

Photos by Rajkumar










Hanuman Jayanti 2012


Hanuman Jayanti 2012


Hanuman Jayanti 2012 Date falls on Friday, 6th of April, Chaitra Shukla Paksha’s Poornima.
Hanuman Jayanti is celebrated on the birth anniversary of Lord Hanuman, also known as Bajrangbali, is considered as the greatest devotee of Lord Rama according to Hindu mythology. It is celebrated on the fourth full moon day in the month of Chaitra (15th of March to 15th April). 
Legend of Hanuman Jayanti
Hanuman (हनुमान्) is the son of Lord Pavana, the God of Wind. The legend goes that in his childhood, he assumed that the sun was a delicious fruit and tried to swallow it. Foreseeing danger Indra, the King of the Gods struck Hanuman with his thunderbolt and wounded him. In anger Lord Pavana went away with Hanuman to the nether region endangering the existence of all humans and gods. At length Brahma, the Lord of all cosmosappealed to Pavan to return to earth. To appease him, all the gods conferred great boons on Hanuman making him immortal and more powerful than any other being. Thus Hanuman is the embodiment of the powers of all gods.
Celebration and Ritual of Hanuman Jayanti
On the day of Hanuman Jayanti, people flock to temples and apply vermilion on the idol of Hanuman. They offer betel leaves to the Lord and observe fast. Then the worshipping of Lord Hanuman is performed and people apply vermilion on their forehead as a mark of devotion to Hanuman. Religious foods, coconut and flowers are distributed among people. Many devotees recite the Hanuman Chalisa which is a devotional song based on the accomplishments of Lord Hanuman.
Significance of Hanuman Jayanti
Lord Hanuman is the ardent devotee of Lord Rama. He is upheld as the model for human devotion to God. He is a celibate and is known by many names like Bajrang Bali, Pavan Putra, Mahavir and Maruti. Hanuman symbolizes strength and power and unparalleled selfless service and devotion to the almighty. He is an epitome of bachelorhood and Brahmacharya.

WOMEN TAKE THE LEAD IN ENTREPRENEURIAL RACE



Who’s More Confident in Their Business: Women or Men?

A recent survey shines light on the strange differences between male and female business owners.
When it comes to small business confidence, female business owners rule, according to arecent survey by The Hartford. The survey showed that among small business owners, 91% of women feel confident in the success of their business, while only 80% of men would say the same of their own businesses.
The survey also showed that women entrepreneurs might be a bit more averse to taking risks than their male counterparts. Fifty-five percent of female small business owners rated themselves as conservative, versus 47 percent of males. When asked if their company would have been more successful if more risks were taken, 80% of female small business owners said “no.” That’s significantly higher than the male business owners, of which only 67% said “no.”
While female entrepreneurs are confident in the strength and sustainability of their businesses, they don’t have as much faith in the economy, as 53% had an optimistic outlook, compared to 64% of men. These women perceive the increased costs of doing business to be their biggest challenge, while finding and keeping qualified employees is the least concerning, next to access to credit (overall). —Caitlin Berens
Get more great articles like this one at INC.com after the break!
 

Varaveendum Neeye - Shirdi Sai Baba Tamil Song by Unnimenon

Wednesday, April 4, 2012

New Isotope Measurement Could Alter History of Early Solar System


Scientists have calculated a new value for the half-life of samarium, an isotope used to track how our solar system came into being. Above: Superheated plasma loops following a solar flare eruption. (Credit: NASA/GSFC/SDO)
Science Daily — The early days of our solar system might look quite different than previously thought, according to research at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory published in Science. The study used more sensitive instruments to find a different half-life for samarium, one of the isotopes used to chart the evolution of the solar system.

According to current theory, everything in our solar system formed from star dust several billion years ago. Some of this dust was formed in giant supernovae explosions which supplied most of our heavy elements. One of these is the isotope samarium-146."It shrinks the chronology of early events in the solar system, like the formation of planets, into a shorter time span," said Argonne physicist Michael Paul. "It also means some of the oldest rocks on Earth would have formed even earlier -- as early as 120 million years after the solar system formed, in one case of Greenland rocks."
Samarium-146, or Sm-146, is unstable and occasionally emits a particle, which changes the atom into a different element. Using the same technique as radiocarbon dating, scientists can calculate how long it's been since the Sm-146 was created. Because Sm-146 decays extremely slowly -- on the order of millions of years -- many models use it to help determine the age of the solar system.
The number of years it takes for an isotope to decrease by half is called its half-life. Since Sm-146 emits particles so rarely, it takes a sophisticated instrument to measure this half-life.
The Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System, or ATLAS, is a DOE national user facility for the study of nuclear structure and astrophysics, and is just such an instrument. "It's easy for the ATLAS, used as a mass spectrometer, to pick out one Sm-146 atom in tens of billions of atoms," said physicist Richard Pardo, who manages the facility and participated in the study.
By counting Sm-146 atoms with ATLAS and tracking the particles that the sample emits, the team came up with a new calculation for its half-life: just 68 million years.
This is significantly shorter than the previously used value of 103 million years.
The new value patches some holes in current understanding, according to Paul. "The new time scale now matches up with a recent, precise dating taken from a lunar rock, and is in better agreement with dates obtained with other chronometers," Paul said.
The study was recently published in Science. Argonne scientists Catherine Deibel, Brad DiGiovine, John Greene, Dale Henderson, Cheng-Lie Jiang, Scott Marley, K. Ernst Rehm, Robert Scott, and Richard Vondrasek also participated in the study.
The work was supported by the DOE Office of Science and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

Study shows why some pain drugs become less effective over time




Researchers at the University of Montreal's Sainte-Justine Hospital have identified how neural cells like those in our bodies are able to build up resistance to opioid pain drugs within hours. Humans have known about the usefulness of opioids, which are often harvested from poppy plants, for centuries, but we have very little insight into how they lose their effectiveness in the hours, days and weeks following the first dose.
"Our study revealed cellular and molecular mechanisms within our bodies that enables us to develop resistance to this medication, or what scientists call drug tolerance," lead author Dr. Graciela Pineyro explained. "A better understanding of these mechanisms will enable us to design drugs that avoid tolerance and produce longer therapeutic responses."
The research team looked at how drug molecules would interact with molecules called "receptors" that exist in every cell in our body. Receptors, as the name would suggest, receive "signals" from the chemicals that they come into contact with, and the signals then cause the various cells to react in different ways. They sit on the cell wall, and wait for corresponding chemicals known as receptor ligands to interact with them. "Until now, scientists have believed that ligands acted as 'on- off' switches for these receptors, all of them producing the same kind of effect with variations in the magnitude of the response they elicit," Pineyro explained. "We now know that drugs that activate the same receptor do not always produce the same kind of effects in the body, as receptors do not always recognize drugs in the same way. Receptors will configure different drugs into specific signals that will have different effects on the body."
Pineyro is attempting to tease the "painkilling" function of opioids from the part that triggers mechanisms that enable tolerance to build up. "My laboratory and my work are mostly structured around rational drug design, and trying to define how drugs produce their desired and non desired effects, so as to avoid the second, Pineyro said. "If we can understand the chemical mechanisms by which drugs produce therapeutic and undesired side effects, we will be able to design better drugs."
Once activated by a drug, receptors move from the surface of the cell to its interior, and once they have completed this 'journey', they can either be destroyed or return to the surface and used again through a process known as "receptor recycling." By comparing two types of opioids – DPDPE and SNC-80 – the researchers found that the ligands that encouraged recycling produced less analgesic tolerance than those that didn't. "We propose that the development of opioid ligands that favour recycling could be away of producing longer-acting opioid analgesics," Pineyro said.
More information: The study "Differential association of receptor-Gβγ complexes with β-arrestin2 determines recycling bias and potential for tolerance of delta opioid receptor (DOR) agonists" was published in The Journal of Neuroscience on April 3, 2012. 
Provided by University of Montreal
"Study shows why some pain drugs become less effective over time." April 3rd, 2012. http://medicalxpress.com/news/2012-04-pain-drugs-effective.html
Posted by
Robert Karl Stonjek

Bilingual children switch tasks faster than speakers of a single language




Children who grow up learning to speak two languages are better at switching between tasks than are children who learn to speak only one language, according to a study funded in part by the National Institutes of Health. However, the study also found that bilinguals are slower to acquire vocabulary than are monolinguals, because bilinguals must divide their time between two languages while monolinguals focus on only one.
In the study, bilingual and monolingual children were asked to press a computer key as they viewed a series of images -- either of animals or of depictions of colors. When the responses were limited to either of the two categories, the children responded at the same speed. But when the children were asked to switch, from animals to a color, and press a different button for the new category, bilinguals were faster at making the change than were the monolinguals.
Researchers often use this switching task to gauge a set of mental processes known as executive functioning—generally defined as the ability to pay attention, plan, organize, and strategize. The task engages three mental processes: the ability to keep a rule or principle in mind (working memory), inhibition (the ability to refrain from carrying out one rule), and shifting (the ability to make the change and act on another rule).
"In simplest terms, the switching task is an indicator of the ability to multi-task," said Peggy McCardle, Ph.D., chief of the Child Development and Behavior Branch at the NIH's Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, which provided funding for the study. "Bilinguals have two sets of language rules in mind, and their brains apparently are wired to toggle back and forth between them depending on the circumstances."
The study, published online in Child Development, was conducted by Raluca Barac and Ellen Bialystok at York University in Toronto, Canada. The researchers tested a total of 104 children. They compared test results of English-speaking monolinguals to those of Chinese-English bilinguals, French-English bilinguals, and Spanish-English bilinguals.
The NICHD's Child Development and Behavior Branch sponsors research on reading and reading disabilities, with the goal of identifying those factors that help English speaking children, bilinguals, and children who learn English as a second language become proficient in reading and writing in English. In 2009, 21 percent of U.S. children spoke a language other than English at home.
Dr. McCardle noted that, in the United States, studies of bilingualism are often complicated by the cultural and economic differences between the majority, English-speaking monolinguals and bilingual, or second language-learning immigrant groups, who often also lack economic resources. For this reason, researchers don't know if the difference they may see in test scores between groups is due to bilingualism itself, or to the economic differences between recent immigrants and those whose families have been in the country longer. Canada has a large French speaking population, with income levels comparable to that of the English speaking population. For this reason, the researchers of the current study could rule out economic differences as a potential contributor to the study results, at least when comparing English-speaking monolinguals to the French-English bilinguals.
In the study, the researchers tested verbal and nonverbal cognitive abilities of 104 6-year-old children from the Toronto area. All were public school students, and from similar economic and social backgrounds. In addition to English monolinguals and English-French bilinguals, the study also included English-Spanish and English-Chinese bilinguals. Along with the switching task, the test battery consisted of three English language tests of verbal ability. The verbal tests measured vocabulary and children's understanding of such linguistic tasks as forming plurals, conjugating verbs, grammatical structure, and English pronunciation rules.
For the switching task, accuracy scores were similar for all the groups, with the groups choosing the correct option approximately the same proportion of times. However, all of the bilinguals could switch from one task to another more rapidly than could the monolinguals.
Earlier studies also had shown that bilinguals could perform the switching task more rapidly than could monolinguals. However, these studies tended to include only one group of bilinguals, and so couldn't rule out whether it was bilingualism itself that conferred the increased ability to make the switch, or whether it was some aspect of the language the bilinguals spoke. The fact that all three groups of bilinguals in the current study could make the switch faster than could the monolinguals indicates that it's the bilingualism itself that confers the more rapid switching ability.
In tests of verbal ability, the English language monolinguals scored highest on a measure of English receptive vocabulary—the body of words a person recognizes well enough to comprehend when hearing them or listening to them. Because they have to learn only English, the monolinguals were able to acquire a larger vocabulary than could any of the bilingual groups, who need to divide their time between acquiring two vocabularies. However, English-Spanish bilinguals scored nearly as well as English monolinguals on the measure of receptive vocabulary.
The monolinguals also scored higher than did the other groups on a test measuring knowledge of English grammar and word meaning. The English-Spanish bilinguals scored higher on the grammatical test than did the Chinese-English bilinguals, who scored higher than did English-French bilinguals. The Spanish bilinguals attended English language schools, which may have provided an advantage in tests of English grammar in comparison to the French bilinguals, who attended French language schools.
The Spanish bilinguals scored highest on the test of metalinguistic awareness— an understanding of the structure of words as a basis for forming plurals, possessive, verb tenses, and compound words. The monolinguals and the Chinese and French bilinguals received comparable scores on the metalinguistic test. The researchers concluded that the similarity of Spanish to English, and the fact that the Spanish bilinguals attended English speaking schools likely combined to give the Spanish bilinguals an advantage over all the other groups on the metalinguistic task, and an advantage over all of the bilingual groups in the other language tasks.
More information: The NIH Radio interview with Dr. McCardle on the study, "Bilingual kids may have a cognitive advantage," is available athttp://www.nih.gov … rs/index.htm
Provided by National Institutes of Health
"Bilingual children switch tasks faster than speakers of a single language." April 3rd, 2012. http://medicalxpress.com/news/2012-04-bilingual-children-tasks-faster-speakers.html
Posted by
Robert Karl Stonjek

Can a ray of sunshine help the critically ill?




Scientists have long believed that vitamin D, which is naturally absorbed from sunlight, has an important role in the functioning of the body's autoimmune system. Now Prof. Howard Amital of Tel Aviv University's Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sheba Medical Center has discovered that the vitamin may also affect the outcomes of patients in intensive care.
In a six-month study, Prof. Amital and his colleagues found that patients who had a vitamin D deficiency lived an average of 8.9 days less than those who were found to have sufficient vitamin D. Vitamin D levels also correlated with the level of white blood cells which fight disease.
The study, which was published in the journal QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, demonstrates further research into giving patients vitamin D could confirm that it will improve their survival outcomes.
Adding days of life
To measure the impact of vitamin D levels on the survival of critically ill patients, the researchers designed an observational study. Over the course of six months, 130 patients over the age of 18 admitted to an intensive care unit of a TAU-affiliated hospital and requiring mechanical ventilation were admitted to the study. Patients who had taken vitamin D supplements prior to admittance were excluded from the study population.
Upon admittance, patients were divided into two groups based on vitamin D concentration: those who had 20 nanograms or more of the vitamin — the amount defined as the National Institute of Health as sufficient — and those who were vitamin D deficient based on the same criteria. In total, 107 patients suffered from vitamin D deficiency.
Survival curves indicate that while patients with sufficient vitamin D survived an average of 24.2 days, those who were deemed to be deficient in vitamin D survived an average of only 15.3 days — patients with sufficient vitamin D levels survived an average of 8.9 days longer. They were also found to have a better WBC count.
Seek out sun — or supplements
These findings merit further investigation, Prof. Amital says. He suggests that the effects of vitamin D supplementation in critically ill patients be further assessed in future studies. The initial results indicate only that vitamin D concentration may be an indicator of survival, he says.
But don't wait until you're in poor health to start taking vitamin D, suggests Prof. Amital. Vitamin D appears to enhance the function of the immune system in numerous ways, and it's becoming clear that it does have an impact on overall health and well-being.
According to research, including an article in the New England Journal of Medicine, the majority of those who live in North America and other Western countries are known to be vitamin D deficient due to limited exposure to the sun. But even if the springtime skies are gray, supplements from the pharmacy shelf will have the same benefits, Prof. Amital says.
Provided by Tel Aviv University
"Can a ray of sunshine help the critically ill?." April 3rd, 2012. http://medicalxpress.com/news/2012-04-ray-sunshine-critically-ill.html
Posted by
Robert Karl Stonjek

Being ignored online or in person, it's still exclusion



People who are excluded by others online, such as on Facebook, may feel just as bad as if they had been excluded in person, according to researchers at Penn State and Misericordia University.
"If you've ever felt bad about being 'ignored' on Facebook you're not alone," said Joshua Smyth, professor of biobehavioral health and of medicine at Penn State. "Facebook -- with its approximately 800 million users -- serves as a place to forge social connections; however, it is often a way to exclude others without the awkwardness of a face-to-face interaction. Most people would probably expect that being ignored or rejected via a remote source like the Internet would not hurt as much as being rejected in person. Yet, our studies show that people may experience similar psychological reactions to online exclusion as they do with face-to-face exclusion." Smyth and Kelly Filipkowski, assistant professor of psychology at Misericordia University, conducted two studies examining the perceptions of and reactions to face-to-face and online chat room exclusion. In the first study, the team asked more than 275 college students to anticipate how they would feel in a hypothetical exclusion scenario in which they were ignored during a conversation. The participants said they expected that they would feel somewhat distressed and that their self-esteem would drop, regardless of whether the rejection occurred in a chat room or in person; however, they expected the in-person exclusion to feel worse. According to Smyth, such anticipated reactions are important as they may help determine how people make decisions about situations that they perceive as holding some risk of rejection -- attending a party where they do not know anyone or participating in an online dating event. In the second study, Smyth and Filipkowski set up two scenarios in which 77 unsuspecting college students were ignored during a staged "get to know each other" conversation. Half of the participants were excluded in person, while the other half were excluded in an online chat-room setting.
The students operating face to face believed they were participating in a study on the formation of impressions in casual settings. They thought they would briefly interact with two other student participants and then supply the researchers with their impressions of themselves and the others.
The students involved in the chat-room conversation believed they were participating in a study to investigate the formation of impressions when individuals do not receive visual cues from one another. In reality, the researchers set up both scenarios -- the in-person conversations and the chat-room conversations -- so student participants would be ignored by student research assistants trained to pose as study participants.
The team found that participants in both scenarios responded similarly to being excluded.
"Contrary to our expectation, the students' responses to rejection were not primarily characterized by severe distress, but rather characterized by numbness and distancing or withdrawal," Smyth said.
Overall, the team showed that the participants expected the exclusion to be much worse than what they actually reported when they experienced the exclusion. The results of both studies appeared in a recent online issue of Computers in Human Behavior.
"What we found interesting is that in the lab setting, the vast majority of participants attributed their exclusion as being no fault of their own, but rather due to the other individuals in the room," Filipkowski said. "In other words, people said, 'it isn't me, it's you.' This may have been a type of protective mechanism in order to buffer their mood and self-esteem."
The results suggest that our culture may not differentiate between in-person and online experiences as much as we might think, according to the researchers.
"Although the meaningfulness of online or remote interactions may seem troubling, these data may also hold a more positive message," Smyth said. "Meaningful online interactions may support the utilization of remote interventions that can enhance physical and psychological well-being, in turn providing increased access to opportunities for people who are in need."
However, the researchers caution that these findings may be related to the types of individuals who participated in their study.
"These studies were conducted with college-aged students who have grown up with the Internet and other related technology," Filipkowski said. "These findings may not apply to individuals who have much less experience with technology and remote communication."
Filipkowski suggests that future studies investigate the applicability of these findings to different populations.
In the future, the team wants to investigate biological reactions to different types of exclusion.
Provided by Pennsylvania State University
"Being ignored online or in person, it's still exclusion." April 3rd, 2012. http://medicalxpress.com/news/2012-04-online-person-exclusion.html
Posted by
Robert Karl Stonjek

Our brains on food: From anorexia to obesity and everything in between


Our brains on food: From anorexia to obesity and everything in between


The brains of people with anorexia and obesity are wired differently, according to new research. Neuroscientists for the first time have found that how our brains respond to food differs across a spectrum of eating behaviors – from extreme overeating to food deprivation. This study is one of several new approaches to help better understand and ultimately treat eating disorders and obesity.
Eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of any mental illness. And more than two-thirds of the U.S. population are overweight or obese – a health factor associated with cardiovascular issues, diabetes, and cancer. "This body of work not only increases our understanding of the relationship between food and brain function but can also inform weight loss programs," says Laura Martin of Hoglund Brain Imaging Center at the University of Kansas Medical Center, one of several researchers whose work being presented today at a meeting of cognitive neuroscientists in Chicago.
"One of the most intriguing aspects of these studies of the brain on food," Martin says, is that they show "consistent activations of reward areas of the brain that are also implicated in studies of addiction." However, how those reward areas respond to food differs between people depending on their eating behaviors, according to the new brain imaging study by Laura Holsen of Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital and colleagues.
Holsen's team conducted fMRI brain scans of individuals with one of three eating conditions – anorexia nervosa, simple obesity, and Prader-Willi syndrome (extreme obesity) – as well as healthy control subjects. When hungry, those with anorexia, who severely restrict their food intake, showed substantially decreased responses to various pictures of food in regions of their brains associated with reward and pleasure. For those who chronically overeat, there were significantly increased responses in those same brain regions.
"Our findings provide evidence of an overall continuum relating food intake behavior and weight outcomes to food reward circuitry activity," Holsen says. Her work also has implications, she says, for everyday eating decisions in healthy individuals. "Even in individuals who do not have eating disorders, there are areas of the brain that assist in evaluating the reward value of different foods, which in turn plays a role in the decisions we make about which foods to eat."
Kyle Simmons of the Laureate Institute studies the neural mechanisms that govern such everyday eating decisions. His work with fMRI scans has found that as soon as people see food, their brains automatically gather information about how they think it will taste and how that will make them feel. The brain scans showed an apparent overlap in the region on the insula that responds to seeing food pictures and the region of the insula that processes taste, the "primary gustatory cortex."
Simmons is currently expanding this work to better understand the differences in taste preferences between lean, healthy individuals and obese ones. "We simply don't know yet if differences exist between lean and obese participants," he says. "And knowing which brain regions underlie inferences about food taste and reward is critical if we are going to develop efficacious interventions for obesity and certain eating disorders, both of which are associated with enormous personal and public health costs."
More information: The symposium "The Brain on Food: Investigations of motivation, dopamine and eating behaviors" takes place on April 3, 2012, at the 19th annual meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society (CNS). More than 1400 scientists are attending the meeting in Chicago, IL, from March 31 to April 3, 2012.
Provided by Cognitive Neuroscience Society
"Our brains on food: From anorexia to obesity and everything in between." April 3rd, 2012. http://medicalxpress.com/news/2012-04-brains-food-anorexia-obesity.html
Posted by
Robert Karl Stonjek

Study identifies point when negative thoughts turn into depression




Negative thinking is a red flag for clinical depression. Stopping such thoughts early on can save millions of people from mental illness, according to research study from the Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing at Case Western Reserve University.
Jaclene Zauszniewski, the Kate Hanna Harvey Professor in Community Health Nursing and associate dean for doctoral education at the school, has developed a brief 8-item survey to help healthcare providers identify depressive thinking patterns that may lead to serious depression if not identified and addressed early.
Zauszniewski's Depression Cognition Scale (DCS) asks individuals to respond to questions about helplessness, hopelessness, purposelessness, worthlessness, powerlessness, loneliness, emptiness and meaninglessness using a scale that ranges from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree."
"Clinicians need guidelines and measures to know when negative thinking has reached a tipping point and has begun to spiral into clinical depression," she said.
The DCS has been used effectively to screen for more serious depressive symptoms in persons in the U.S. and around the world, but the researchers wanted to take it further and determine the point at which negative thinking establishes a pattern for the onset of clinical depression—even without other emotional expressions or body symptoms associated with depression.
In a study of 629 healthy adults from 42 states who responded to questions through the Internet survey, they found the answer. Participants ranged in age from 21 to 84 years, and 70 percent were women; women make up the majority depression sufferers. The majority of the participants were college educated and had incomes greater than $40,000.
For this study, the researchers compared DCS scores to the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), which is recognized as a "gold standard" measure for identifying clinically significant depressive symptoms. Their goal was to determine a cut score on the DCS that would represent the point at which individuals may benefit from learning ways to change negative thinking in order to prevent serious depression.
They found that a score of 7 on the DCS would be that point at which individuals should begin initiating strategies to change negative thoughts into positive ones. The findings also showed that at this cut score, the DCS accurately differentiated between persons with and without clinical depressive symptoms as determined by the CES-D.
Zauszniewski and Abir K. Bekhet, a researcher from Marquette University in Milwaukee, report their findings in Issue 34 of the Western Journal of Nursing Research article, "Screening Measure for Early Detection of Depressive Symptoms: The Depressive Cognition Scale."
Provided by Case Western Reserve University
"Study identifies point when negative thoughts turn into depression." April 3rd, 2012. http://medicalxpress.com/news/2012-04-negative-thoughts-depression.html
Posted by
Robert Karl Stonjek