Different types of bridges :

Beam bridge or Stringer Bridge or Girder bridge:

Beam bridge is the one which comes to your mind when someone asks you about what is a bridge? This is one of the basic type of bridges.

This type of bridges are simply supported bridges consisting of horizontal beams and vertical piers; Beam bridges are also named as stringer bridge or girder bridge. These type of bridges are typically spanned with two or more spans and supported by abutment or pier at each end. This type of bridges are constructed using RCC, Wood, steel etc. Beam bridges have span less than 80m.

As mentioned above, beam bridges are simply supported bridges (beam that is supported on piers), where the beam is laid across the supports. In this type of bridges, the beam should be strong enough to bear the loads on it. These loads are further carried to bridge supports and then to earth.

The top edge of the beam possesses compression as the loads are applied on it where the lower part of the beam is being stretched and is under tension.

Advantages of Beam bridge:

1.This type of beams are very easy to construct and erect.
2. This type of beams are good for short spans.
3. Wide distances can be spanned by resting beams on piers.
4. Ease in constructing temporary bridges.

Disadvantages of Beam bridge:

1. Can be expensive, requires RCC to built.
2. They are spanned by limits.

Arch bridge:

An arch bridge is the most popular type of bridge which is extensively used by ancient Romans.The arch bridge is usually made up of stone, concrete or steel. As the name itself mirroring that, the bridge is in the shape of an arch. An arch bridge is a curve shaped bridge where the load on the curve is not directly applied straight down, but instead, loads are carried along the curve of the arch to the end of supports. Meaning that no part of the bridge takes a high amount of pressure. These supports are also called as abutments. Abutments carry loads of the entire bridge & it is responsible for holding the arch in a precise position.

The no. of curves (arches) in a bridge depends on stress and loads that bridge should support. The span length of arch bridges is normally up to 250m, and the roadway of the bridge lies on the arch structure.

Advantages of Arch Bridge:

1. Easy to build with the locally available material.

2. these type of bridges are very rigid and extremely strong.

3. Arch bridges are built up with a variety of materials like stone, concrete, steel, etc.

Disadvantages of Arch bridge:

1. They take a long time to build.

2. It requires a massive amount of building materials to build.

Truss Bridge:

Truss is a framework consisting of struts (inclined members). These bridges are constructed by using trusses which are comprised of many small elements forming triangular trusses. The span length of truss bridge is in between 50m-110m.

Trusses are very rigid, lightweight and can support heavy loads. Trusses serve in transferring the load from a single point to the wider area. The weight of the bridge is very less when compared with other types.

When the load is applied to the truss bridge, the top edge possess compression and loads are shared among the angled members to supports and then to earth.

Advantages of Truss Bridge:

1. This type of bridge is easily built in the factory and then framed on site.
2. The piers or supports are comparatively less when compared to the beam bridge,
3. They are strong and rigid and very light on weight possess efficient use of materials.

Disadvantages of Truss Bridges:

1. Requires high skilled professionals to design it.
2. They are more complex than beam bridges in terms of designing.

Suspension bridges:

This type of bridges are constructed by suspending the deck slab using suspension cables. The roadway is hanged using steel cables which are connected to two towers and secured by anchors on both ends of the bridge.

In addition to the deck slab, the truss system is also featured with truss system just beneath the deck which helps to stiffen and to keeps the deck in precise position to reduce the tendency of the roadway to sway.

When the load is applied to the suspension bridge, the deck slab possess compression and then travels up the ropes, cables or chains to transfer the compression to the towers. The towers then dissipate the compression directly into the earth by anchors.

The supporting cables which run parallel to the bridge possess tension forces, and these are connected to anchorages. Bridge anchorages are massive concrete blocks which serve in dissipating the tension force to the ground

Bridge anchorages are essentially solid rock or massive concrete blocks in which the bridge is grounded. Tensional force passes to the anchorages and into the ground. The span length of Suspension bridge is in between 150m-2000m

Advantages of Suspension bridge:

1. Strong and lightweight.
2. These type of bridges provide long span which helps in crossing the river.

Disadvantages of Suspension bridge:

1. Expensive to build.
2. Prone to sway and ripple with the wind, so this type of bridges are not suitable for railways.

Cable-stayed bridge:

This type of the bridge are modern bridges and it is similar to the suspension bridge. In this type, cables are connected directly to the tower instead of suspended cables. Tension is constantly acting on the cables, which are stretched because they are attached to the roadway. This type of bridge doesn’t have any anchorages to bear the compression and has only one tower to carry the compression. The span length of Cable stayed bridge is in between 500m-1000m.

In this type of bridge, the cables are directly connected to the roadway at different points radially, and towers alone bear the compression forces.

Advantages of Cable-Stayed Bridge:

1. It is more economical when compared with the suspension bridge.
2. It is good for medium spans and can be easily built by cantilevering out from the tower.

Disadvantages of Cable-Stayed Bridge:

1. Maintenance and inspection may be more difficult.
2. this type of bridges are not suitable for far distances.

Cantilever bridge:

The word cantilever refers that the beam which has only one support and the other end is kept free in space. Cantilever bridges are same to this but don’t think that one end of the bridge is kept free. Cantilever bridges are constructed in parts and the two free ends are connected with suspended deck. Cantilever bridge has a span in between 150m-500m.

Any bridge is subjected to compression and tension forces. In this type of bridge, the suspended deck is provided to join the two free ends of the cantilever bridge.

When the load is applied on cantilever bridge, the top supports are subjected to a tensional force (pulling force), and bottom supports are subjected to the compression force( pushing force) which makes the bridge to be balanced. As long as force is balanced, the bridge will stand in stable position.

Advantages of Cantilever Bridge:

1. This type of bridges are adopted only when the supports cannot be provided at specific positions.
2. Support is required only on one side of the cantilever.