Protoplanetary Disk The image at left shows a transitional disk around the star LkCa 15. All of the light at this wavelength is emitted by cold dust in the disk. The hole in the center indicates an inner gap with radius of about 55 times the distance from the Earth to the Sun. The image at right shows a expanded view of the cleared region, seen in two wavelengths. The star shape marks the location of LkCa 15, which has been blotted out so the disk can be seen. Kraus & Ireland/via Keck Observatory
Astronomers have captured the first direct image of a newly forming planet orbiting around its star, using mirrors to blot out the star's blinding light. The LkCa 15 system contains a hot, coalescing world sitting in a gap between the star and an outer disk of dust, exactly in accord with most theories of how planets are born.
The discovery is a triumph for exoplanet hunters and for unique telescope techniques, as researchers combined adaptive optics with a light-masking method to block starlight. Previously, planetary formation has been impossible to see directly, because it happens very close to the star and the disk is washed out.
Adam Kraus of the University of Hawaii and Michael Ireland from Macquarie University and the Australian Astronomical Observatory worked with the twin 10-meter Keck telescopes on Mauna Kea in Hawaii, scanning 150 stars containing protoplanetary disks. LkCa 15 was only their second target, but they knew pretty quickly it was a good one, according to a news release from the W.M. Keck Observatory.
Working with the Keck telescopes’ deformable mirrors, which adjust many times per second to reduce atmospheric interference, the two used a star-blocking method called aperture mask interferometry. This involves placing a small mask with several holes in it directly in the path of the incoming light, allowing it to be further manipulated. Distant stars can then be blotted out, allowing astronomers to see the gas and dust surrounding them. In the image at the top of the page, the little star shape denotes the star’s location, blocked out by this mirror manipulation.
The image is taken in infrared light. The blue region denotes the nascent planet, LkCa 15 b, which is a super-Jupiter about six times more massive than our solar system’s largest planet. The red areas denote warmer material that is accreting onto the planet. The donut hole represents a cleared area, where LkCa 15 b hoovered up the dust and gas around itself.
Exoplanet hunting requires first finding a star with good potential for a solar system, and then trying to see beyond the star’s glow for evidence of other bodies. The Kepler space telescopedoes this by spotting blips in their stars’ brightness as the worlds circle around them. But the nebulous disks of a neonatal system can’t be inferred in this way, which is why Kraus and Ireland blocked out the star itself.
The astronomers describe their finding in a paper posted to the arXiv preprint server and recently accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal.
Planet Formation: Karen L. Teramura, UH IfA
[W.M. Keck Observatory via PhysOrg]
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