Tuesday, April 26, 2011
It might help someone.
Dear All,
Please send to your colleagues and friends as many you can. Do not delete without sending to anybody.
I have forwarded it to the maximum I can.
Let it reach the 110 crores Indians and the remaining if any.
'Imitinef Mercilet' is a medicine which cures blood cancer. Its available free of cost at "Adyar Cancer Institute in Chennai". Create Awareness. It might help someone.
Forward to as many as u can, kindness costs nothing.
Regds
Hari.L
Cancer Institute in Adyar, Chennai
I have forwarded it to the maximum I can.
Let it reach the 110 crores Indians and the remaining if any.
'Imitinef Mercilet' is a medicine which cures blood cancer. Its available free of cost at "Adyar Cancer Institute in Chennai". Create Awareness. It might help someone.
Forward to as many as u can, kindness costs nothing.
Regds
Hari.L
Cancer Institute in Adyar, Chennai
The surprising benefits of lemon!
Subject: A must-read-
The surprising benefits of lemon!
I remain perplexed!
==============================
Institute of Health Sciences, 819 N. L.L.C. Charles Street Baltimore , MD 1201.
This is the latest in medicine, effective for cancer!
I remain perplexed!
==============================
Institute of Health Sciences, 819 N. L.L.C. Charles Street Baltimore , MD 1201.
This is the latest in medicine, effective for cancer!
Read carefully & you be the judge.
Lemon (Citrus) is a miraculous product to kill cancer cells. It is 10,000 times stronger than chemotherapy.
Why do we not know about that? Because there are laboratories interested in making a synthetic version that will bring them huge profits. You can now help a friend in need by letting him/her know that lemon juice is beneficial in preventing the disease. Its taste is pleasant and it does not produce the horrific effects of chemotherapy. How many people will die while this closely guarded secret is kept, so as not to jeopardize the beneficial multimillionaires large corporations? As you know, the lemon tree is known for its varieties of lemons and limes. You can eat the fruit in different ways: you can eat the pulp, juice press, prepare drinks, sorbets, pastries, etc... It is credited with many virtues, but the most interesting is the effect it produces on cysts and tumors. This plant is a proven remedy against cancers of all types. Some say it is very useful in all variants of cancer. It is considered also as an anti microbial spectrum against bacterial infections and fungi, effective against internal parasites and worms, it regulates blood pressure which is too high and an antidepressant, combats stress and nervous disorders.
The source of this information is fascinating: it comes from one of the largest drug manufacturers in the world, says that after more than 20 laboratory tests since 1970, the extracts revealed that: It destroys the malignant cells in 12 cancers, including colon, breast, prostate, lung and pancreas ... The compounds of this tree showed 10,000 times better than the product Adriamycin, a drug normally used chemotherapeutic in the world, slowing the growth of cancer cells. And what is even more astonishing: this type of therapy with lemon extract only destroys malignant cancer cells and it does not affect healthy cells.
The source of this information is fascinating: it comes from one of the largest drug manufacturers in the world, says that after more than 20 laboratory tests since 1970, the extracts revealed that: It destroys the malignant cells in 12 cancers, including colon, breast, prostate, lung and pancreas ... The compounds of this tree showed 10,000 times better than the product Adriamycin, a drug normally used chemotherapeutic in the world, slowing the growth of cancer cells. And what is even more astonishing: this type of therapy with lemon extract only destroys malignant cancer cells and it does not affect healthy cells.
Institute of Health Sciences, 819 N. L.L.C. Cause Street, Baltimore, MD1201
SEND TO EVERYONE ... ! ! ! ! !
Pablo Picasso
Pablo PicassoText from Thomas Hoving, "Art For Dummies®" "Yet Cubism and Modern art weren't either scientific or intellectual; they were visual and came from the eye and mind of one of the greatest geniuses in art history. Pablo Picasso, born in Spain, was a child prodigy who was recognized as such by his art-teacher father, who ably led him along. The small Museo de Picasso in Barcelona is devoted primarily to his early works, which include strikingly realistic renderings of casts of ancient sculpture."He was a rebel from the start and, as a teenager, began to frequent the Barcelona cafes where intellectuals gathered. He soon went to Paris, the capital of art, and soaked up the works of Manet, Gustave Courbet, and Toulouse-Lautrec, whose sketchy style impressed him greatly. Then it was back to Spain, a return to France, and again back to Spain - all in the years 1899 to 1904. "Before he struck upon Cubism, Picasso went through a prodigious number of styles - realism, caricature, the Blue Period, and the Rose Period. The Blue Period dates from 1901 to 1904 and is characterized by a predominantly blue palette and subjects focusing on outcasts, beggars, and prostitutes. This was when he also produced his first sculptures. The most poignant work of the style is in Cleveland's Museum of Art, La Vie (1903), which was created in memory of a great childhood friend, the Spanish poet Casagemas, who had committed suicide. The painting started as a self-portrait, but Picasso's features became those of his lost friend. The composition is stilted, the space compressed, the gestures stiff, and the tones predominantly blue. Another outstanding Blue Period work, of 1903, is in the Metropolitan, The Blind Man's Meal. Yet another example, perhaps the most lyrical and mysterious ever, is in the Toledo Museum of Art, the haunting Woman with a Crow (1903). "The Rose Period began around 1904 when Picasso's palette brightened, the paintings dominated by pinks and beiges, light blues, and roses. His subjects are saltimbanques (circus people), harlequins, and clowns, all of whom seem to be mute and strangely inactive. One of the premier works of this period is in Washington, D.C., the National Gallery's large and extremely beautiful Family of Saltimbanques dating to 1905, which portrays a group of circus workers who appear alienated and incapable of communicating with each other, set in a one-dimensional space. "In 1905, Picasso went briefly to Holland, and on his return to Paris, his works took on a classical aura with large male and fernale figures seen frontally or in distinct profile, almost like early Greek art. One of the best of these of 1906 is in the Albright-Knox Gallery in Buffalo, NY, La Toilette. Several pieces in this new style were purchased by Gertrude (the art patron and writer) and her brother, Leo Stein. The other major artist promoted by the Steins during this period was Henri Matisse, who had made a sensation in an exhibition of 1905 for works of a most shocking new style, employing garish and dissonant colors. These pieces would be derided by the critics as "Fauvism," a French word for "wild beasts." Picasso was profoundly influenced by Matisse. He was also captivated by the almost cartoon-like works of the self-taught "primitive" French painter Henri "Le Douanier" Rousseau, whom he affectionately called "the last ancient Egyptian painter" because his works have a passing similarity to the flat ancient Egyptian paintings. "A masterpiece by Rousseau is in the Museum of Modern Art in New York, his world-famous Sleeping Gypsy, with an incredible tiger gazing at the dormant figure with laser-like eyes. "Picasso discovered ancient Iberian sculpture from Spain, African art (for he haunted the African collections in the Musée d'Ethnographie du Trocadéro in Paris), and Gauguin's sculptures. Slowly, he incorporated the simplified forms he found in these sources into a striking portrait of Gertrude Stein, finished in 1906 and given by her in her will to the Metropolitan Museum. She has a severe masklike face made up of emphatically hewn forms compressed inside a restricted space. (Stein is supposed to have complained, "I don't look at all like that," with Picasso replying, "You will, Gertrude, you will.") This unique portrait comes as a crucial shift from what Picasso saw to what he was thinking and paves the way to Cubism. "Then came the awesome Les Demoiselles d'Avignon of 1907, the shaker of the art world (Museum of Modern Art, New York). Picasso was a little afraid of the painting and didn't show it except to a small circle of friends until 1916, long after he had completed his early Cubist pictures. Cubism is essentially the fragmenting of three-dimensional forms into flat areas of pattern and color, overlapping and intertwining so that shapes and parts of the human anatomy are seen from the front and back at the same time. The style was created by Picasso in tandem with his great friend Georges Braque, and at times, the works were so alike it was hard for each artist quickly to identify their own. The two were so close for several years that Picasso took to calling Braque, "ma femme" or "my wife," described the relationship as one of two mountaineers roped together, and in some correspondence they refer to each other as "Orville and Wilbur" for they knew how profound their invention of Cubism was. "Every progressive painter, whether French, German, Belgian, or American, soon took up Cubism, and the style became the dominant one of at least the first half of the 20th century. In 1913, in New York, the new style was introduced at an exhibition at the midtown armory - the famous Armory Show - which caused a sensation. Picasso would create a host of Cubist styles throughout his long career. After painting still-lifes that employed lettering, trompe l'oeil effects, color, and textured paint surfaces, in 1912 Picasso produced Still-Life with Chair-Caning, in the Picasso Museum in Paris, which is an oval picture that is, in effect, a cafe table in perspective surrounded by a rope frame - the first collage, or a work of art that incorporates preexisting materials or objects as part of the ensemble. Elements glued to the surface contrasting with painted versions of the same material provided a sort of sophisticated double take on the part of the observer. A good example of this, dubbed Synthetic Cubism, is in the Picasso Museum, Paris, the witty Geometric Composition: The Guitar (1913). The most accomplished pictures of the fully developed Synthetic Cubist style are two complex and highly colorful works representing musicians (in Philadelphia and the Museum of Modern Art, New York). He produced fascinating theatrical sets and costumes for the Ballet Russe from 1914 on, turned, in the 1920s, to a rich classical style, creating some breathtaking line drawings, dabbled with Surrealism between 1925 and 1935, and returned to Classicism. "At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, Picasso was appointed the director of the Prado. In January, 1937, the Republican government asked him to paint a mural for the Spanish pavilion at the world exposition in Paris. Spurred on by a war atrocity, the total destruction by bombs of the town of Guernica in the Basque country, he painted the renowned oil Guernica in monochrome (now in Madrid's Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia.) Something of an enigma in details, there's no doubt that the giant picture (which until the death of Franco was in New York's Museum of Modern Art) expresses a Goyaesque revulsion over the horrors man can wreak upon fellow man. The center is dominated by a grieving woman and a wounded, screaming horse illuminated, like Goya's Third of May, 1808 by a harsh light. "Picasso lived in Paris through the war, producing gloomy paintings in semi-abstract styles, many depicting skulls or flayed animals or a horrifying charnel house. He joined the Communist party after the war and painted two large paintings condemning the United States for its involvement in the Korean War (two frightfully bad paintings about events that never happened - like American participation in germ warfare). [In fact, research has determined that the event depicted by Picasso in "Massacre in Korea" did occur. See this newspaper article written in 1999, after Hoving wrote this piece...although the claim of germ warfare is still unsubstantiated. - ed.]. He turned enthusiastically to sculpture, pottery, and print-making, and, in his later years, preoccupied himself with a series of mistresses and girlfriends, changing his style to express his love for each one, and, finally, making superb evocations of the works of old masters like Diego Velazquez. Whatever Picasso had a hand in turned out to have an unquenchable spark of utter genius." BOOKS ON PICASSOLes Demoiselles D'Avignon (Studies in Modern Art, No 3)William Rubin, et al Everything you EVER wanted to know about Picasso's proto-Cubist masterwork. The graphics are of high quality and include every preparatory drawing or sketch as well as related works by other artists that influenced or were influenced by the "Demoiselles". Rubin is one of the clearest writers on art, and offers an accessible, yet thorough work. | ||
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| | A Life of Picasso: Volume I, 1881-1906 John Richardson, Marilyn McCully The definitive multi-volume biography of the 20th century's most fascinating artist. Volume I covers the early years, through the Blue and Rose Periods. This paperback version is the smarter buy. Also available: A Life of Picasso: Volume II, 1907-1917, which covers the critical Cubist Period. | |
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| | Picasso : The Early Years 1892-1906 This is the catalog to the blockbuster show of 1997, featuring the Blue and Rose Periods. The graphics are of exceptional quality, and the accompanying essays are enlightening, focusing on less well-known aspects of this period of Picasso's career. | |
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| | Picasso and Portraiture : Representation and Transformation William Rubin (Editor), Anne Baldassari, Pierre Daix This is the catalog to the blockbuster show of 1996, featuring portraits from the beginning to end of Picasso's long career. The graphics are again of exceptional quality. Rubin's essay in particular is critical in art historical writing on the Spanish master. | |
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| | Picasso's Variations on the Masters : Confrontations With the Past Susan Grace Galassi This is an extremely interesting look at Picasso's series paintings based on masterworks from the past, from Velazquez to Delacroix to Manet. It was as if he could not find sufficient competition among contemporary artists, and looked to outdo the masters of the past in their own works. | |
9 Useless Things Travelers Tend to Pack
Packing for an upcoming trip is part of the whole travelling experience, people tend to create huge packing lists and then take lots of time to prepare their bags. Everything has its own place, and every backpacker seems to have an own packing strategy. Seeing all your stuff together should bring you already in some kind of backpacking atmosphere where you feel like your journey has already started.
Well, not me! I hate packing!
Packing is something that happens when I really really don’t have anything else left to do. After I cleaned the kitchen, went shopping, watched some TV, googled my own name, read the newspaper and watched some more TV, I might start to think about packing.
The next fifteen to twenty minutes you will see me running around the house, from room to room taking everything I think I need and putting it all on the table in the living room. The next phase is a revision of what’s on the table, where – without exception – my favorite clothes are missing because they are still in the laundry. When about everything seems to be there, I start putting stuff into my backpack, from the bottom up, where the things you need last go on the bottom – I never put the extra pair of jeans on the bottom, but it’s always the last thing I need.
Even though I’m a very light packer – also known as a smelly backpacker – I still tend to take more than I need. With the years it’s getting better, every time I take a little less and I’m waiting for the moment that I will think: “Damn, I wish I did pack that extra pair of boxers”. But up to now, never happened.
I often wonder what other people take with them while travelling and to find an answer to that I started reading some packing lists which are available everywhere on the internet. Now what seems, my backpack is like the common denominator of those lists. Everybody seems to pack the basics – some socks, some underwear, a couple of T-shirts, a guidebook, a knife … – but almost everyone also packs some very specific things like a big picture of mom, a teddy bear, half a liter fuel and – this one I really found hilarious – candles. Someone takes candles because you can use them to give light, but also to make stuff waterproof. Come on! Ever heard of waterproof bags? Jackass!
What you pack is mostly influenced by where you’re going, but I can’t think of a single place where you will need one of the following items.
Maybe people are afraid that the local sheets won’t protect them against the cold?
Now here’s a rule of thumb, you never have to be afraid of this when travelling through a country at a time that it has its average temperature, because people are used to protect themselves against this. However, what might be a problem is travelling to a country where it’s normally hot but at this time of the year extremely cold, but even then it’s no big deal to ask for a second, third or fourth sheet.
Another reason might be because of the cleanliness of hostel sheets.
Everybody has his own hygiene standard and I have to admit that – only while travelling of course – mine can be a little low. I can imagine that my theory that fleas have never killed anyone and that you can’t get an STD from dried sperm does not sound very alluring to everyone, but again, if you ask new sheets or a room upgrade you will more than likely get it.
If you’re taking a tent with you, you might want to consider to also take a sleeping bag.
Don’t understand me wrong, I love guitar music but we live in a digital age. Every traveler has an iPod and every hostel has a TV with about thousand channels of which certainly ten play music at any given moment of the day.
There are two reasons I can think of to bring a guitar, first one is to impress people. But please be aware of the fact that the only ones you’ll impress are little kids, first time travelers and a drunk Aussie who wants to sing along.
The second reason builds further on the first one, you bring a guitar to get laid. Seriously, if you are willing to drag the damn thing every day with you only to get some occasional sex, how sad is that? And again, who will you attract? Indeed, kids and drunk Aussies.
On the other hand, I once met a guy who did bring a guitar and he could play about every song we could think of and we had a great night, but that was a rare occasion. And not forgetting to mention he was travelling by car, which makes carrying bulky items a lot easier.
If you’re Keith Richards, please take your guitar with you.
As I think about this, this could make a good video game. At the start your character is naked, and during the game you have to go through several levels where you have to put items on him, but the wrong combination of items will have him mugged. For example, level one is to give your character pants before the cops put him to jail for streaking. You have the choice between Armani jeans or scruffy worn pants. The Armani raises your chance to get mugged by 15%, the other pants only by 2%.
Thinking about it again, this will make a very dull game. But did you get my point? Your expensive camera raises the odds by at least 25%, where the compact camera only raises them by 10%.
If you’re a photographer, please do take your camera stuff, but try not to wear it around your neck the whole time, and don’t take a special camera bag but put it in a regular daypack.
If you’re really ugly, please do us all a favor and bring makeup.
What do you need them for? Are your feet that fragile they can’t handle a walk in the woods in regular shoes? I guess not! The first days of my travels, my feet are always full of blisters, that’s normal. On a regular day, I’m used to walk to my car, walk from my car to my office, walk to the cafeteria, walk back to my office, walk back to my car and walk back from my car to my house. Sometimes in the evening I walk to a bar and back, or to the car if my bar of choice is outside walking distance.
Of course I get sore feet if I walk a whole day, but that’s not the fault of my shoes, it’s because my feet are not used to that. But it gets better after a couple of days.
If you’re planning to do tough hikes in the mountains, please take hiking shoes.
I have only one thing to say about this: If you look stupid with something at home, why would you look any different with it in another country?
The same thing counts for umbrellas. Normally, I never use them. If it rains I don’t walk outside, period. Unless I really have to, but then the longest distance is to my car or from my car to the place where I have to be. If I’m walking somewhere and it starts to rain, I look for a hideout and until I find one, I get wet.
I don’t have a neat coiffure or makeup that I need to protect – see some paragraphs before – so generally I don’t care about a couple of drops on my head.
While travelling, you normally have time enough to wait until the rain is over and if you’re travelling in a country with monsoon, people are selling umbrellas everywhere.
Last but certainly not least: Sandals. Never think you look less like Jesus when wearing sandals in another country.
If you have some kind of disease where your head can’t touch water or direct sunlight, please take an umbrella or hat, but there is never a good reason for wearing sandals.
The presents I like to mention here are the pens, soap and candy travel agencies advise you to take to developing countries.
On my first intercontinental holiday I went to Cuba, I was young and inexperienced and I got about the whole of the trip organized upfront. The company I travelled with told me that the Cubans really appreciate pens, so I bought a whole box of them, intended to make a lot of new friends.
I’m still using those pens at home and I probably will keep using them for another long time. First of all, I found it really humiliating to give a pen to an adult, if I felt any compassion with someone I preferred giving them money, so they could buy a pen. Or something else if they already owned a pen.
Secondly, I’m quite sure that Cuba has an underground pen business. One day – I kid you not – I saw a child receiving a pen from a tourist. The child then walked to an adult, handing over the pen and receiving money in return. Probably the adult exports pens into other parts of the country, or uses them to transport drugs in, who knows!
If you’re Santa, please don’t forget to bring presents.
The time that you had to bring loads of cash and traveler cheques is long gone, but still people tend to take cash because “you never know”. They might have a point, what if your credit cards fails – broken chip or so? Well, then I still have my regular bankcard with Maestro function.
“Now”, the smartass will say, “but what if your wallet gets stolen? Eh eh eh”. If I’m stupid enough to put both my cards in the same wallet, where do you think my spare money will be?
If you do carry cash with you, try to spread it.
Oh and waist bags, they score a 50% raise in the try-not-to-get-mugged-game.
In the past I followed the theory about long pants and short pants, no combination.
Also, zip off pants were dull, they were for the nineteenth century biologist discovering the Amazon forest but not for the general backpacker whose main intentions are getting drunk or laid or preferably both, climb a volcano now and then and see a bit of the world if there’s some time left.
Lately, however, I was looking at some zip offs on the internet, and I have to admit that they looked quite okay. I’m not yet in the phase of actually buying them, but I notice that I’m starting to make less fun of people wearing them.
If you’re a nineteenth century biologist, no offence.
Well, not me! I hate packing!
Packing is something that happens when I really really don’t have anything else left to do. After I cleaned the kitchen, went shopping, watched some TV, googled my own name, read the newspaper and watched some more TV, I might start to think about packing.
The next fifteen to twenty minutes you will see me running around the house, from room to room taking everything I think I need and putting it all on the table in the living room. The next phase is a revision of what’s on the table, where – without exception – my favorite clothes are missing because they are still in the laundry. When about everything seems to be there, I start putting stuff into my backpack, from the bottom up, where the things you need last go on the bottom – I never put the extra pair of jeans on the bottom, but it’s always the last thing I need.
Even though I’m a very light packer – also known as a smelly backpacker – I still tend to take more than I need. With the years it’s getting better, every time I take a little less and I’m waiting for the moment that I will think: “Damn, I wish I did pack that extra pair of boxers”. But up to now, never happened.I often wonder what other people take with them while travelling and to find an answer to that I started reading some packing lists which are available everywhere on the internet. Now what seems, my backpack is like the common denominator of those lists. Everybody seems to pack the basics – some socks, some underwear, a couple of T-shirts, a guidebook, a knife … – but almost everyone also packs some very specific things like a big picture of mom, a teddy bear, half a liter fuel and – this one I really found hilarious – candles. Someone takes candles because you can use them to give light, but also to make stuff waterproof. Come on! Ever heard of waterproof bags? Jackass!
What you pack is mostly influenced by where you’re going, but I can’t think of a single place where you will need one of the following items.
1. Sleeping bag
While travelling, I’m always amazed by the amount of people I see carrying a sleeping bag and I can’t stop wondering why the hell they need it. I have never thought: “Gee, I wish I took my sleeping bag” – or maybe once, but that had more to do with the person next to me. What makes people think they need a sleeping bag? In every hostel I have ever stayed there were sheets on the bed, or at least you could rent them for a little more than nothing.Maybe people are afraid that the local sheets won’t protect them against the cold?
Now here’s a rule of thumb, you never have to be afraid of this when travelling through a country at a time that it has its average temperature, because people are used to protect themselves against this. However, what might be a problem is travelling to a country where it’s normally hot but at this time of the year extremely cold, but even then it’s no big deal to ask for a second, third or fourth sheet.
Another reason might be because of the cleanliness of hostel sheets.
Everybody has his own hygiene standard and I have to admit that – only while travelling of course – mine can be a little low. I can imagine that my theory that fleas have never killed anyone and that you can’t get an STD from dried sperm does not sound very alluring to everyone, but again, if you ask new sheets or a room upgrade you will more than likely get it.
If you’re taking a tent with you, you might want to consider to also take a sleeping bag.
2. Guitar
Why are people still bringing guitars while travelling?Don’t understand me wrong, I love guitar music but we live in a digital age. Every traveler has an iPod and every hostel has a TV with about thousand channels of which certainly ten play music at any given moment of the day.
There are two reasons I can think of to bring a guitar, first one is to impress people. But please be aware of the fact that the only ones you’ll impress are little kids, first time travelers and a drunk Aussie who wants to sing along.
The second reason builds further on the first one, you bring a guitar to get laid. Seriously, if you are willing to drag the damn thing every day with you only to get some occasional sex, how sad is that? And again, who will you attract? Indeed, kids and drunk Aussies.
On the other hand, I once met a guy who did bring a guitar and he could play about every song we could think of and we had a great night, but that was a rare occasion. And not forgetting to mention he was travelling by car, which makes carrying bulky items a lot easier.
If you’re Keith Richards, please take your guitar with you.
3. Expensive camera gear
This counts for lots of expensive stuff, just don’t take it. How you look has everything to do with what the odds are that you get mugged.As I think about this, this could make a good video game. At the start your character is naked, and during the game you have to go through several levels where you have to put items on him, but the wrong combination of items will have him mugged. For example, level one is to give your character pants before the cops put him to jail for streaking. You have the choice between Armani jeans or scruffy worn pants. The Armani raises your chance to get mugged by 15%, the other pants only by 2%.
Thinking about it again, this will make a very dull game. But did you get my point? Your expensive camera raises the odds by at least 25%, where the compact camera only raises them by 10%.
If you’re a photographer, please do take your camera stuff, but try not to wear it around your neck the whole time, and don’t take a special camera bag but put it in a regular daypack.
4. Makeup
In general, I don’t like people who wear a lot of makeup, and while travelling, I don’t think you should wear makeup at all. Who do you have to do it for? We’re all backpackers, we all look scruffy.If you’re really ugly, please do us all a favor and bring makeup.
5. Hiking shoes
When walking into a dorm room I can always tell if there are people inside with hiking shoes. Either the room smells like feet that didn’t get any air for a whole day or like some kind of chemical product that prevents shoes from smelling bad. Both cases, it STINKS!What do you need them for? Are your feet that fragile they can’t handle a walk in the woods in regular shoes? I guess not! The first days of my travels, my feet are always full of blisters, that’s normal. On a regular day, I’m used to walk to my car, walk from my car to my office, walk to the cafeteria, walk back to my office, walk back to my car and walk back from my car to my house. Sometimes in the evening I walk to a bar and back, or to the car if my bar of choice is outside walking distance.
Of course I get sore feet if I walk a whole day, but that’s not the fault of my shoes, it’s because my feet are not used to that. But it gets better after a couple of days.
If you’re planning to do tough hikes in the mountains, please take hiking shoes.
6. Umbrellas and hats
For some reason people tend to wear hats on holiday, when you come to think about it, it’s really a strange phenomena. At home they laugh with people wearing hats, but when on holiday they suddenly wear them themselves.I have only one thing to say about this: If you look stupid with something at home, why would you look any different with it in another country?
The same thing counts for umbrellas. Normally, I never use them. If it rains I don’t walk outside, period. Unless I really have to, but then the longest distance is to my car or from my car to the place where I have to be. If I’m walking somewhere and it starts to rain, I look for a hideout and until I find one, I get wet.
I don’t have a neat coiffure or makeup that I need to protect – see some paragraphs before – so generally I don’t care about a couple of drops on my head.
While travelling, you normally have time enough to wait until the rain is over and if you’re travelling in a country with monsoon, people are selling umbrellas everywhere.
Last but certainly not least: Sandals. Never think you look less like Jesus when wearing sandals in another country.
If you have some kind of disease where your head can’t touch water or direct sunlight, please take an umbrella or hat, but there is never a good reason for wearing sandals.
7. Presents for the locals
Here I have to point the difference. If you’re planning to stay with local people, through Couchsurfing for example, I think you have to take presents so the people you meet have some kind of souvenir. In my opinion, what works best are post cards of your home town.The presents I like to mention here are the pens, soap and candy travel agencies advise you to take to developing countries.
On my first intercontinental holiday I went to Cuba, I was young and inexperienced and I got about the whole of the trip organized upfront. The company I travelled with told me that the Cubans really appreciate pens, so I bought a whole box of them, intended to make a lot of new friends.
I’m still using those pens at home and I probably will keep using them for another long time. First of all, I found it really humiliating to give a pen to an adult, if I felt any compassion with someone I preferred giving them money, so they could buy a pen. Or something else if they already owned a pen.
Secondly, I’m quite sure that Cuba has an underground pen business. One day – I kid you not – I saw a child receiving a pen from a tourist. The child then walked to an adult, handing over the pen and receiving money in return. Probably the adult exports pens into other parts of the country, or uses them to transport drugs in, who knows!
If you’re Santa, please don’t forget to bring presents.
8. Cash
Getting cash in foreign countries has never been easier, there are ATMs everywhere and they accept several kinds of credit cards and even your local bankcard if it has the Maestro or Cirrus sign on it.The time that you had to bring loads of cash and traveler cheques is long gone, but still people tend to take cash because “you never know”. They might have a point, what if your credit cards fails – broken chip or so? Well, then I still have my regular bankcard with Maestro function.
“Now”, the smartass will say, “but what if your wallet gets stolen? Eh eh eh”. If I’m stupid enough to put both my cards in the same wallet, where do you think my spare money will be?
If you do carry cash with you, try to spread it.
Oh and waist bags, they score a 50% raise in the try-not-to-get-mugged-game.
9. Zip off pants
I’m not sure about this one.In the past I followed the theory about long pants and short pants, no combination.
Also, zip off pants were dull, they were for the nineteenth century biologist discovering the Amazon forest but not for the general backpacker whose main intentions are getting drunk or laid or preferably both, climb a volcano now and then and see a bit of the world if there’s some time left.
Lately, however, I was looking at some zip offs on the internet, and I have to admit that they looked quite okay. I’m not yet in the phase of actually buying them, but I notice that I’m starting to make less fun of people wearing them.
If you’re a nineteenth century biologist, no offence.
Neuroscience joins psychiatry on the couch
Neuroscience joins psychiatry on the couch
Swiss neuroscientist Pierre Magistretti talks to swissinfo.ch about Sigmund Freud, brain “glue” and why you should learn to play a musical instrument.
The director of the Brain Mind Institute at the Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne is leading a major new national research project, “Synapsy”, into the neurobiological mechanisms behind mental and cognitive disorders.
The research, funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation and launched at the beginning of October, aims to bring the two disciplines closer together, shedding light on the origins of certain illnesses and helping train the next generation of psychiatrists.
swissinfo.ch: Why are there so few links between neuroscience and psychiatry after all these years?
Pierre Magistretti: This is quite strange, but there are historical reasons. At the end of the 19th century and start of the 20th century psychiatrists were very often neurobiologists. Aloïs Alzheimer was a psychiatrist working with a microscope who carried out autopsies on patients and looked at brains using his microscope.
Freud was a neurologist who wanted to find the biological origins of the psyche. But there were simply no tools available. He therefore developed a theory based on clinical medicine, which became so appealing that entire generations of psychiatrists somehow forgot that the psyche was based on what happens in the brain.
Then in the 1950s and 60s we discovered antidepressants and antipsychotic drugs by chance. Antidepressants come from a molecule used against the tuberculosis germ; people noticed that it put patients in a good mood. The emergence of all these molecules allowed patients to be treated even if they didn’t really cure them, and among psychiatrists biology was reduced to the level of psychopharmacology.
Another reason is the limited knowledge we had about how the brain works. At the end of the 1970s, when I began my research, the gap between what we knew and clinical psychiatry was huge.
Freud was a neurologist who wanted to find the biological origins of the psyche. But there were simply no tools available. He therefore developed a theory based on clinical medicine, which became so appealing that entire generations of psychiatrists somehow forgot that the psyche was based on what happens in the brain.
Then in the 1950s and 60s we discovered antidepressants and antipsychotic drugs by chance. Antidepressants come from a molecule used against the tuberculosis germ; people noticed that it put patients in a good mood. The emergence of all these molecules allowed patients to be treated even if they didn’t really cure them, and among psychiatrists biology was reduced to the level of psychopharmacology.
Another reason is the limited knowledge we had about how the brain works. At the end of the 1970s, when I began my research, the gap between what we knew and clinical psychiatry was huge.
swissinfo.ch: How much more do we know now about how our brain functions?
P.M.: We have around one hundred billion neurons in our brains. Each one communicates with around 10,000 others via junctions known as synapses. But there are also between five and ten times more glial cells. They were given this name at the end of the 19th century as they were thought to be the glue that held the neurons in place.
But over the past 25 to 30 years we have seen that these cells are much more dynamic than originally thought; this is one of the main areas of our research. They participate in the dialogue with the neurons and are essential for nourishing them, giving them energy and regulating transmission between them.
Behaviour and psyche are not down to neurons alone but also the dialogue between neurons and glial cells.
But over the past 25 to 30 years we have seen that these cells are much more dynamic than originally thought; this is one of the main areas of our research. They participate in the dialogue with the neurons and are essential for nourishing them, giving them energy and regulating transmission between them.
Behaviour and psyche are not down to neurons alone but also the dialogue between neurons and glial cells.
Pierre Magistretti (Brain Mind Institute/EPFL)
swissinfo.ch: Another surprising but reassuring discovery is that the brain is capable of building new cells even during old age...
P.M.: You cannot compare a brain to a computer which comes out of the factory with built-in circuits that remain the same for the rest of its life. Everyday experiences are constantly modifying our brain; this is known as plasticity.
Up until about ten years ago we were convinced that we were born with a set number of neurons and we lost them over our lifetime, which was a fairly depressing image.
We now know that certain regions of our brain can produce neurons from stem cells. But having new neurons is not the end of the story; they also have to be correctly linked up with the other neurons in the right circuits. This is an area that still needs to be explored.
Up until about ten years ago we were convinced that we were born with a set number of neurons and we lost them over our lifetime, which was a fairly depressing image.
We now know that certain regions of our brain can produce neurons from stem cells. But having new neurons is not the end of the story; they also have to be correctly linked up with the other neurons in the right circuits. This is an area that still needs to be explored.
swissinfo.ch: People say the brain is like a muscle and has to be used to be kept in good shape. How true is this?
P.M.: Absolutely. It’s very important if you want to age in a graceful and fulfilling way to keep your brain active and to be exposed to new things and new challenges like learning a language or instrument. Anything that stimulates your neurons and avoids routine is good. That probably stimulates neurogenesis, the production of new neurons.
Today we are starting to recognise the conditions that impede neurogenesis. One of these is chronic stress, which is well known for causing depression.
Today we are starting to recognise the conditions that impede neurogenesis. One of these is chronic stress, which is well known for causing depression.
swissinfo.ch: Why do some people cope with stress better than others?
P.M.: Genetic studies are being carried out to try to identify people who are more resistant to certain kinds of stress or who perform better under stress. But we have to be careful with the results. What we might find is not an anti-stress gene but one or more genes that are present in a certain form and encourage better resistance.
But what is well known is that newborn babies subjected to major stress will show signs of hyperactivity as adolescents or adults. This is why you have to be as comforting and calm as possible with a young child if you want to offer them the best possible future.
But what is well known is that newborn babies subjected to major stress will show signs of hyperactivity as adolescents or adults. This is why you have to be as comforting and calm as possible with a young child if you want to offer them the best possible future.
Marc-André Miserez, swissinfo.ch
(translated from French by Simon Bradley)
(translated from French by Simon Bradley)
New light on how mind meets brain
New light on how the mind meets the brain
Unusual collaboration by two Swiss academics into the relation between mind and body could open up the way to new treatments for patients with psychological disorders.
Francois Ansermet, a psychoanalyst from Geneva University, and Pierre Magistretti, a neuroscientist from the Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, 's research offers new insights into how we think, behave, and act.
On Thursday, they spoke about their work at a conference in New York of psychoanalysts, doctors and scientists, explaining how the fields of neuroscience and psychoanalysis interact.
“These are disciplines that have been on opposite ends of the spectrum in terms of understanding how the brain works,” Magistretti told swissinfo.ch. A colleague of the pair has called their attempt to link neuroscience and psychoanalysis to the “unlikely coupling of the polar bear and the whale.”
Ansermet and Magistretti found their respective fields converging through research into neuroplasticity – the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life – which shows that our experiences are physically inscribed through “traces” in the brain.
Think of the brain as a rubber band, expanding and contracting, bending and reshaping and forming new connections throughout one’s life. Our experiences, whether physical or mental, leave traces – like little nicks on the rubber band.
Neuroplasticity means that neurons – specialized cells that transmit information – are changed by experience. New connections between neurons can grow, or old ones can be pruned away, while existing connections can be strengthened or weakened.
Heady stuff
The physical traces revealed in neuroplasticity correspond to a central tenet of psychoanalysis that life leaves its traces on the psyche as well.
“The idea is that the trace for neuroscience and the trace for psychoanalysis are based on the biological facts, which are those of neural plasticity. These are a set of mechanisms by which our brain encodes experience – how we learn, how memory works and how life experience leaves traces in our brain,” Magistretti said.
As we learn to do new things, the connections between our neurons are slightly re-sculpted; when we have an experience and then remember it later, that is because certain connections between neurons are re-activated, regenerating a similar pattern of activity that existed during the original experience.
For example, when your mother smiles at you and gives you a hug, you feel safe and warm. A pattern of activity in the brain weaves together the vision of her smiling face, the sensation of the hug, and the feeling of comfort in your body. Remembering her smile can activate that same pattern of activity, creating a feeling of comfort even when she isn’t there.
Unconscious processes
“Interestingly, many of these processes can happen outside of conscious awareness as our brains link our memories, feelings, expectations of the future, and current needs to determine what we are consciously feeling, thinking, and intending in a given moment,” Maggie Zellner, Executive Director of the New York-based Neuropsychoanalysis Foundation, told swissinfo.ch.
“What Magistretti and Ansermet are doing is something unusual – they are linking neuroplasticity with what psychoanalysis calls the dynamic unconscious, which is any mental activity that happens outside of awareness, like fears or wishes. These, in turn, influence our thoughts, feelings and behaviours,” said Zellner, who moderated the event.
Magistretti and Ansermet described how the brain integrates external perceptions with internal reactions and how these associations can then be stored and reactivated in new situations.
For example, if you have the impulse to do something that would make your mother disapprove, your brain can generate a pattern of activity representing her angry face and a feeling of anxiety—what you saw and felt long ago—which then makes you inhibit that impulse right now. But you may be completely unaware that this process is happening.
Treating patients
While the practical application of Magistretti and Ansermet's model has yet to be determined, experts in the field believe say their research will likely be helpful in treating patients some day.
“Because our ever-changing brain is continually shaped by experience, this means that we all have the capacity to change dysfunctional or unhealthy patterns,” Zellner says.
“Over time, most of us tend to consistently have the same kinds of fears and desires, the same ways of having fun or making ourselves feel better during times of stress, the same ways of relating to others and thinking about ourselves.”
Magistretti and Ansermet's model suggests that psychoanalytic treatment is one way for people to have greater access to the sets of associations which drive unhealthy mental patterns, and re-sculpt them into something healthier.
Phillip Luloff, a psychiatrist and the associate director of the division of psychotherapy at Mount Sinai Hospital, found inspiration in their work.
“It talks to the hope that one has that there can be change, that the brain is flexible and plastic. And that by the induction of just talk [analysis] they seem to be able show that there is a modification in the structure of the brain, which causes an evolution in perhaps the way the person functions and may lead to the healing in the troubled people with whom we work, including ourselves,” he told swissinfo.ch.
Karin Kamp, in New York, swissinfo.ch
பல வியாதிகளை தண்ணீரால் குணப்படுத்தலாம் water therapy
| மருத்துவ செய்தி |
| பல வியாதிகளை தண்ணீரால் குணப்படுத்தலாம் |
 தினமும் அதிகாலையில் தூக்கத்தில் இருந்து எழுந்ததும் வெறும் வயிற்றில் தண்ணீர் அருந்துவது இப்போது பிரபலமாகி வருகிறது.1. காலையில் எழுந்ததும் பல் துலக்கும் முன்பே 4 x 160ml டம்ளர் தண்ணீர் அருந்துங்கள்.2. பல் துலக்கி வாய் அலம்பிய பின் 45 நிமிடங்களுக்கு உணவோ, நீராகாரம் எதுவாயினும் உட்கொள்ளக் கூடாது. 3. 45 நிமிடங்களுக்குப் பின் வழமையான உங்கள் உணவை உட்கொள்ளலாம். 4. காலை உணவின் பின் 15 நிமிடங்களுக்கும், மதிய மற்றும் இரவு உணவின் போது 2 மணி நேரங்களுக்கும் எதுவும் உட்கொள்ள வேண்டாம். 5. முதியோர், நோயாளிகள் மற்றும் 4 டம்ளர் நீரை எடுத்த எடுப்பிலேயே அருந்த முடியாதவர்கள் ஆரம்பத்தில் கொஞ்சம் கொஞ்சமாக நீர் உட்கொண்டு நாளடைவில் 4 டம்ளர் அளவு நீர் அருந்த பழகலாம். மேற்குறிப்பிட்ட முறையை பின்பற்றும் நோயாளிகள் தமது நோய் நீங்கி சுகமடையலாம். மற்றவர்கள் ஆரோக்கியமான வாழ்கையை சந்தோஷிக்கலாம். எந்த நோய்க்கு எத்தனை நாட்கள் இந்த முறையை பின்பற்ற வேண்டும் என்ற விபரங்கள் பின்வருமாறு: உயர் இரத்த அழுத்தம் - 30 நாட்கள். வாய்வுக் கோளாறுகள் - 10 நாட்கள். சர்க்கரை வியாதி - 30 நாட்கள். புற்றுநோய் - 180 நாட்கள். காசநோய் - 90 நாட்கள். |
Monday, April 25, 2011
வாழ்வில் முன்னேற...
சிந்தனையை விதையுங்கள்,
செயல்களை அறுவடை செய்யுங்கள்;
செயல்களை விதையுங்கள்,
பழக்கத்தை அறுவடை செய்யுங்கள்;
செயல்களை அறுவடை செய்யுங்கள்;
செயல்களை விதையுங்கள்,
பழக்கத்தை அறுவடை செய்யுங்கள்;
பழக்கத்தை விதையுங்கள்,
நல்ல நடத்தையை அறுவடை செய்யுங்கள்;
நல்ல நடத்தையை விதையுங்கள்,
உங்கள் தலைவிதியை அறுவடை செய்யுங்கள்.
அன்புடன்
கோ. வரதராஜன்
The Difference Between http and https
MANY PEOPLE ARE UNAWARE that the main difference between http:/// and https:// is It's all about keeping you secure** HTTP stands for Hyper Text Transport Protocol,
The S (big surprise) stands for "Secure". If you visit a web site or web page, and look at the address in the web browser, it will likely begin with the following: http:/// . This means that the website is talking to your browser using the regular 'unsecured' language. In other words, it is possiblefor someone to "eavesdrop" on your computer's conversation with the website. If you fill out a form on the website, someone might see the information you send to that site.
This is why you never ever enter your credit card number in an http website!
But if the web address begins with https:// , that basically means your computer is talking to the website in a secure code that no one can eavesdrop on.
You understand why this is so important, right?
If a website ever asks you to enter your credit card
information, you should automatically look to see if the web address begins with https://.
If it doesn't, there's no way you're going to enter sensitive information like a credit card number.
PASS IT ON (You may save someone a lot of grief).
10 things to learn from Japan
1. THE CALM # Not a single visual of chest-beating or wild grief. Sorrow itself has been elevated.
2. THE DIGNITY # Disciplined queues for water and groceries. Not a rough word or a crude gesture.
3. THE ABILITY # The incredible architects, for instance. Buildings swayed but didn’t fall.
4. THE GRACE # People bought only what they needed for the present, so everybody could get something.
5. THE ORDER # No looting in shops. No honking and no overtaking on the roads. Just understanding.
6. THE SACRIFICE # Fifty workers stayed back to pump sea water in the N-reactors. How will they ever be repaid?
7. THE TENDERNESS # Restaurants cut prices. An unguarded ATM is left alone. The strong cared for the weak .
8. THE TRAINING # The old and the children, everyone knew exactly what to do. And they did just that. .
9. THE MEDIA # They showed magnificent restraint in the bulletins. No silly reporters. Only calm reportage.
10. THE CONSCIENCE # When the power went off in a store, people put things back on the shelves and left quietly
Pass this to everyone you know, at least some will follow and this is worth sharing with Friends...
தேனீர் அருந்தினால் இரத்த அழுத்தம் அதிகரிக்காது
| ஆராய்சி செய்தி |
| தேனீர் அருந்தினால் இரத்த அழுத்தம் அதிகரிக்காது: சுவையான ஆய்வு |
 அதிகளவில் தேனீர் அருந்தினால் இரத்த அழுத்தம் அதிகரிக்காது என சமீபத்திய ஆய்வு ஒன்றில் கண்டுபிடிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.தேனீர் அருந்தினால் இரத்த அழுத்தம் அதிகரிப்பதாகவும், அதனால் இதய நோய்கள், பக்கவாதம் உள்ளிட்ட பாதிப்புக்கள் ஏற்படுவதாகவும் தெரிவிக்கப்பட்டுவந்தது. இது தொடர்பாக லூசியானா பொதுநல பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் நடத்தப்பட்ட ஆய்வில் ஒருவர் எவ்வளவு தேனீர் அருந்தினால் எவ்வித பாதிப்பும் ஏற்படாது என கண்டுபிடிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. சுமார் 170,000 பேரிடம் இந்த ஆய்வு நடத்தப்பட்டது. |
கண்களை பாதுகாக்கும் முருங்கைப் பூ
| மருத்துவ செய்தி |
| கண்களை பாதுகாக்கும் முருங்கைப் பூ |
 பொதுவாக காய்களையும், கனிகளையும் உட்கொள்ளும் நாம் காய், கனி உருவாவதற்கு காரணமான பூக்களை உணவில் சேர்த்துக் கொள்வதில்லை.அப்படி நாம் ஒதுக்கிவிட்ட பூக்களுக்கு பல மருத்துவக் குணங்கள் உள்ளன. முருங்கைப் பூவைப் பயன்படுத்தினால் கண்கள் குளிர்ச்சி பெறும். உடல் உறுப்புகள் சீரான முறையில் வளர்ச்சியடையும். அதிகமான பித்தத்தை போக்கும். வாழைப் பூ கை, கால் எரிச்சல், இருமல், வயிறு சம்பந்தப்பட்ட பிரச்சனைகள் போன்றவற்றை நிவர்த்தி செய்யும். மாதுளம் பூ பித்த வாந்தியை நிறுத்தும் தன்மை கொண்டது. இரத்த மூலம், உடல் வெப்பம் ஆகியவற்றைச் சீர் செய்யும். இது தவிர மாதுளம் பழத்தோல் சீதபேதி, வாய்ப்புண், இரத்த பேதி போன்றவற்றிற்கு மருந்தாகும். அகத்திப் பூ வெயில் காரணமாக ஏற்படும் பித்தத்தை அகற்றும். உடல் அழற்சியை விலக்கும். வேப்பம் பூ நீடித்த ஏப்பம், வாந்தி, குடற்பூச்சிகள் ஆகியவற்றை அகற்றும். புளியம் பூவைச் சமையலுக்குப் பயன்படுத்தினால் பித்தம் அகலும். நாவின் சுவையின்மை நீங்கும். வெங்காயப் பூ குன்ம நோய்களை போக்கும் மற்றும் குடல் தொடர்பான பல பிணிகளை நீக்கும். |
ஜிமெயிலில் டுவிட்டரை பயன்படுத்த
| ஜிமெயிலில் டுவிட்டரை பயன்படுத்த |
 டுவிட்டர் தளமானது நண்பர்களிடம் தகவல்களை பறிமாறிக் கொள்ள உதவும் தளம் ஆகும். சமூக இணையதளத்தில் அதிகமாக பயன்படுத்தபடும் தளத்தில் இந்த தளமும் ஒன்றாகும்.சாதாரண மனிதனில் தொடங்கி மிகப்பெரிய நபர்கள் வரை டுவிட்டர் தளத்தில் கணக்கு வைத்திருப்பார்கள். இவர்கள் தங்களுடைய சுயவிவரங்களையும், பிடித்த செயல்களையும் அவ்வப்போது டுவிட்டர் தளத்தில் வெளியிடுவார்கள். செய்திதாள்களில் கூட வெளிவராத செய்திகள் இதுபோன்ற சமூக இணையதளங்களில் காண முடியும். இதுபோன்ற செய்திகளை நாம் டுவிட்டர் தளத்தில் நம்முடைய கணக்கில் நுழைந்த பின்புதான் காண முடியும். ஒரே நேரத்தில் பல தளங்களில் பணியாற்றும் போது நாம் தனியாக இந்த தளத்திற்கு சென்று இதுபோன்ற செய்திகளை காண முடியாது. டுவிட்டரில் பதிவிடும் செய்திகளை ஜிடால்கில் இருந்தவாறே காண முடியும் இதற்கு ஒரு தளத்தில் ஜிமெயில் கணக்கு மற்றும் டுவிட்டர் கணக்கினை சமர்பிக்க வேண்டும். இந்த தளத்தின் நுழைந்து முதலில் கொடுக்கப்பட்ட சுட்டியை கிளிக் செய்து கூகுள் கணக்கின் பயனர்பெயர் மற்றும் கடவுச்சொல்லை உள்ளிட்டு Allow என்னும் பொத்தானை அழுத்தவும். அடுத்ததாக டுவிட்டர் கணக்கின் பயனர் பெயர் மற்றும் கடவுச்சொல்லை உள்ளிட்டு Allow என்னும் பொத்தானை அழுத்தவும். அடுத்து ஜிடால்கினை ஓபன் செய்து அதில் புதியதாக வந்துள்ள நண்பர் அழைப்பினை ஒகே செய்யவும். அவ்வளவு தான் இனி டுவிட்டரில் பதியப்படும் உங்கள் கணக்கு தொடர்பான அனைத்து செய்திகளையும் உங்களால் ஜிடால்கில் இருந்தவாறே பெற முடியும். இந்த வசதியினை நீங்கள் ஜிமெயில் அரட்டையிலும், ஆர்குட் அரட்டையிலும் பெற முடியும். விரும்பினால் நிறுத்திக் கொள்ளவும் முடியும். இந்த வசதியின் மூலம் இனி தனியாக டுவிட்டர் கணக்கினை திறக்க வேண்டிய அவசியம் இருக்காது. |
குழந்தைகளை அறிவாளியாக மாற்றும் இசைப்பயிற்சி
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சிறுவயதில் பல மணி நேரம் இசைப்பயிற்சி எடுப்பது குழந்தைகளுக்கு மிகுந்த சிரமத்தை தரலாம்.ஆனால் இந்த இசைப்பயிற்சியை பெறும் குழந்தைகள் வயதான காலத்தில் மிகச் சிறந்த அறிவாளிகளாக திகழ்கிறார்கள் என ஒரு புதிய ஆய்வில் கண்டறியப்பட்டுள்ளது. 
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