amudu

Tuesday, January 29, 2019

An explanationation of Art Therapy

Art therapy involves the use of creative techniques such as drawing, painting, collage, coloring, or sculpting to help people express themselves artistically and examine the psychological and emotional undertones in their art. With the guidance of a credentialed art therapist, clients can "decode" the nonverbal messages, symbols, and metaphors often found in these art forms, which should lead to a better understanding of their feelings and behavior so they can move on to resolve deeper issues.

When It's Used

Art therapy helps children, adolescents, and adults explore their emotions, improve self-esteem, manage addictions, relieve stress, improve symptoms of anxiety and depression, and cope with a physical illness or disability. Art therapists work with individuals, couples, and groups in a variety of settings, including private counseling, hospitals, wellness centers, correctional institutions, senior centers, and other community organizations. No artistic talent is necessary for art therapy to succeed, because the therapeutic process is not about the artistic value of the work, but rather about finding associations between the creative choices made and a client's inner life. The artwork can be used as a springboard for reawakening memories and telling stories that may reveal messages and beliefs from the unconscious mind.

What to Expect

As with any form of therapy, your first session will consist of your talking to the therapist about why you want to find help and learning what the therapist has to offer. Together, you will come up with a treatment plan that involves creating some form of artwork. Once you begin creating, the therapist may, at times, simply observe your process as you work, without interference or judgment. When you have finished a piece of artwork—and sometimes while you are still working on it—the therapist will ask you questions along the lines of how you feel about the artistic process, what was easy or difficult about creating your artwork, and what thoughts or memories you may have had while you were working. Generally, the therapist will ask about your experience and feelings before providing any observations.

How It Works

Art therapy is founded on the belief that self-expression through artistic creation has therapeutic value for those who are healing or seeking deeper understanding of themselves and their personalities. According to the American Art Therapy Association, art therapists are trained to understand the roles that color, texture, and various art media can play in the therapeutic process and how these tools can help reveal one’s thoughts, feelings, and psychological disposition. Art therapy integrates psychotherapy and some form of visual arts as a specific, stand-alone form of therapy, but it is also used in combination with other types of therapy.

What to Look for in an Art Therapist

An art therapist has the minimum of a master’s degree, generally from an integrated program in psychotherapy and visual arts at an educational institution accredited by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA). The initials ATR after a therapist’s name means he or she is registered with the Art Therapy Credentials Board (ATCB). The initials ATR-BC means the therapist is not only registered but has passed an examination to become board-certified by the ATCB.

Sunday, January 27, 2019

How Reinforced Column Failures occur

There are three modes of failure of concrete columns (compression members) i.e. failure due to pure compression, combined compression and elastic instability. These modes of failures of concrete compression members are discussed.

Reinforced concrete column is a compression member and transfers the loads from structure to the ground through foundations. There are three types of concrete columns based on its height and lateral dimension.

Long columns are those whose ratio of height to least lateral dimension is more than 12. When the height to least lateral dimension is less than 3, it is called a pedestal and if it is between 3 and 12, it is called as a short column.

The load carrying capacity and modes of failure of a reinforced concrete column is based on the slenderness ratio. Slenderness ratio is the ratio of the effective length Le and least lateral dimension of the column as per Indian and British Standards.

But as per American Concrete Institute Code of Practice, the slenderness ratio is defined as the ratio of effective length of column to its radius of gyration, which is same as used for structural steel design as per IS Code. Effective length of a column depends on its support conditions at ends.

Different Failure Modes of Concrete Columns – Compression Members

Based on the slenderness ratio of the column, there are three modes of failure of reinforced concrete columns. The columns are assumed to be centrally loaded (no eccentric loads).

Mode – 1: Column Failure due to Pure Compression:

When reinforced concrete columns are axially loaded, the reinforcement steel and concrete experiences stresses. When the loads are high compared to cross-sectional area of the column, the steel and concrete reach the yield stress and column fails without undergoing any lateral deformation.

The concrete column is crushed and collapse of the column is due to the material failure. To overcome this, the concrete column should have sufficient cross-sectional area, so that the stress is under the specified limit.

This type of failure is generally seen in case of pedestals whose height to least lateral dimension is less than 3 and does not experience bending due to axial loads.

Mode – 2: Column Failure due to Combined Compression and Failure:

Short columns are commonly subjected to axial loads, lateral loads and moments. Short columns under the action of lateral loads and moments undergo lateral deflection and bending. Long columns undergo lateral deflection and bending even when they are only axially loaded.

Under such circumstances when the stresses in steel and concrete reach their yield stress, material failure happens and RCC column fails. This type of failure is called combined compression and bending failure.

Mode – 3: Column Failure due to Elastic Instability:

Long columns are very slender, i.e. its effective length to least lateral dimension is more than 12. Under such condition, the load carrying capacity of reinforced concrete columns reduces drastically for given cross-sectional area and percentage of reinforcement steel.

When such type of concrete columns are subjected to even small loads, they tend to become unstable and buckle to any side. So, the reinforcement steel and concrete in such cases reach their yield stress even for small loads and fail due to lateral elastic buckling.

This type of failure is unacceptable in practical concrete constructions. Code prevents usage of such long columns for slenderness ratio greater than 30 (for unbraced columns) for the use in concrete structures.

There are a number of reasons:

The engineer forgot to include additional load during construction, which could govern the design than the expected load in the completed building.
Faulty construction practice. Examples are when erecting steel beam, it accidentally hits column or beam that is already in place and contractor forgot to ensure stability of the building during construction when only parts of the building are in place (the entire building cannot be placed at the same time, we need construction/erection sequence during which the contractor is responsible for the stability of the erected/constructed parts)
During severe earthquakes, i.e. the ones of which response spectrum far above design spectrum, beams are expected to exhibit in-elastic behaviour (but not columns), if the lateral system is moment frame system. This is permitted as long as the building remains standing - the goal is to save lives or at least to mitigate loss of life, not to save the building.
After construction is completed, the beam carries bigger load, not accounted in the design and/or changes are made in structural components without engineer approval or the engineer in charge did not realize the implication of changes. Examples are the failure of Sampoong Department Store in Seoul, Korea and failure suspended walkway of Hyatt Regency in Kansas City (you can google for more detail).
Design error from human made error, i.e. mistakes in calculating forces (applied and internal forces), beam structural properties, steel grade of steel beam, amount and anchorage of reinforcement of concrete beams, connection detail of steel beams with columns.

https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/failure-modes-of-concrete-columns/8933/

சமாதி என்றால் என்ன?

ஜீவசமாதி என்றால் என்ன?

சமாதி என்றால் என்ன?

சமாதிநிலை என்றால் என்ன ?

பொதுவாக ஒரு மனிதனின் ஆயுட்காலம் 120 காலம் அதற்கு தேவையான சுவாச எண்ணிக்கையுடன் தான் மனிதன் பிறக்கிறான் . ஆனால் அறிவியல் வளா்ச்சி மாசு உணவுபழக்கம் என்று பல காரணங்களால் 120 வருடம் வாழும் வயதுடைய நாம் 60 வருடங்கள் நலமுடன் வாழ்வதே அறிதாகி விட்டது .

ஆனால் சித்த நிலையில் உள்ளவா்களோ தங்கள் சுவாசத்தின் அளவை குறைத்தோ அல்லது நிறுத்தியோ தங்கள் வாழ்நாட்களை அதிகாித்து கொள்கின்றனா் அவ்வாறு வாழ்ந்த சித்தா்கள் தங்கள் உடலுக்கு சிறிது காலம் ஒய்வு கொடுப்பதற்காகவே இந்த ஜீவ சமாதி முறையை கையாண்டனா் .

நாம் இறந்தால் நம்மை எாிக்கவோ புதைக்கவோ செய்வாா்கள் ஆனால் சித்த நிலையில் உள்ளவா்களை இதுவரை எாித்ததாக இல்லை காரணம் அவா்கள் என்நேரமும் உடலுடன் வருவாாகள் என்பதாலேயே .

சித்த நிலையில் உள்ளவா்கள் பல காயகற்ப முறைகளில் தங்கள் உடலை வாழும்போதே பதப்படுத்தியவா்கள் ஆகையால் நீாில் கிடந்தாலும் பூமிக்கு அடியில் புதைத்தாலும் நெருப்பில் சுட்டாலும் அவா்களில் உடலுக்கு ஒன்றும் ஆகாது .

இவ்வாறு தண்ணீாில் ஜலசமாதி சுடா்சமாதி பூமிசமாதி காற்றுசமாதி என்ற நிலைகளில் தங்கள் உடலை தாங்களே பதபடுத்தி கொண்டு தங்களுக்கு தேவைப்படும் பொழுது மீண்டும் அந்த உடலோடு இணைந்து வருவது தான் ஜீவ சமாதி .

ஜீவனோடு தன்னை சமாதியாக்கி கொண்டு பின் சமாதி நிலையில் உள்ள உடலோடு ஜீவனை எப்போது வேண்டுமானாலும் உட்செலுத்துதல் ஆகும் .

ஆனால் இறந்த பின் அவா்களின் உடலை நாம் சமாதி செய்தால் அது ஜீவ சமாதி அல்ல சமாதி ஆகும் அவா்கள் மகானாக இருப்பின் ஆன்மாவிா்க்கு பலம் இருக்கும் உடலோ பயனற்று போய்விடும். இது சமாதி எனப்படும் .

சமாதி நிலை என்பது லம்பிகா யோகம் போன்ற அறிய யோகங்களை முறையாக பயின்று அதை நடைமுறை படுத்தும் போது பயன் படுத்துபவா் உயிருடன் தான் இருப்பாா் ஆனால் நமக்கு அவா் இறந்து விட்டது போல் தொியும் காரணம் அவா்கள் இதயம் நிமிடத்திற்கு ஒருமுறைதான் துடிக்கும் காற்றே அவா்களுக்கு உணவு மும்மலம் அறுத்தவா்கள் இவ்வாறு இருப்பவா்களை சமாதிநிலையில் இருப்பவா்கள் என்று கூறுவாா்கள் .