Whitehead Institute scientists have identified conserved, long intervening non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) that play key roles during embryonic brain development in zebrafish. They also show that the human versions of the lincRNAs can substitute for the zebrafish versions, which implies that the functions of these non-coding RNAs have been retained in humans as well as fish.
Until now, lincRNAs have been studied primarily in cell lines rather than at the organismal level, which has precluded research into how lincRNAs affect growth and development.
“These studies show that zebrafish, an animal that is frequently used to study the genetics of animal development, can also serve as a tool to uncover in systematic fashion the functions of lincRNAs,” says Whitehead Member David Bartel, who is also a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator and a professor of biology at MIT. “This is another case in which a phenomenon in zebrafish provides insight into what’s probably happening in humans, as has been established in many studies of protein-coding genes.”
Only a minority of RNAs transcribed in a human cell goes on to template protein production, according to a 2007 assessment of the human genome by the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Project Consortium, which was funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute. The rest of the RNAs are dubbed non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), with those located between protein-coding genes and with lengths of 200 base pairs or longer referred to as lincRNAs.
Despite their prevalence in the cell, lincRNAs have been referred to as the “dark matter” of all the transcribed RNAs because little is known of their functions or mechanisms. One limitation to studying this class of RNAs is their low sequence similarity between species. Unlike protein-coding genes, which are frequently well-conserved between species, lincRNA genes typically have a very small bit of conserved DNA between species, if any. This lack of conservation makes identification of related lincRNAs difficult in closely related species and nearly impossible in distantly related species.
For example, Bartel lab scientists Igor Ulitsky and Alena Shkumatava identified more than 500 lincRNAs in zebrafish but found that only 29 of these have homologs in both humans and mice.
Ulitsky and Shkumatava, who report their findings in this week’s issue of the journal Cell, tested the function of two of the 29 lincRNAs by knocking them down in zebrafish embryos. Both knockdowns had striking effects on the zebrafish’s brain development. Reduction of one of the lincRNAs, which they called cyrano, caused the zebrafish to have enlarged snouts, small heads and eyes, and short, curly tails, while the zebrafish lacking the lincRNA they called megamind had abnormally shaped heads and enlarged brain ventricles.
To test if the human homologs of the cyrano and megamind lincRNAs are functionally equivalent, Shkumatava injected the human versions into the knocked-down zebrafish. Remarkably, the human lincRNAs rescued the zebrafish and restored brain development and head size for both lincRNAs, indicating that the human lincRNAs may have the same role in embryonic development as their zebrafish analogs.
“This work represents a major advance because it provides a framework for studying lincRNAs, a poorly understood, but abundant class of molecules,” says Michael Bender, who oversees RNA processing and function grants at the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of General Medical Sciences, which partially funded the work. “The discovery that human lincRNAs appear to function much like their zebrafish counterparts in embryonic development suggests that the framework will prove valuable in bringing new insights on the roles played by lincRNAs in mammalian organisms.”
The zebrafish is already a powerful tool for studying genetics. Whitehead Member Hazel Sive, who collaborated with Bartel and his lab members on the Cell paper, uses zebrafish to study brain development and genetic mutations linked to autism.
Says Sive, “The zebrafish is a fantastic, facile system for discovering the mechanisms by which genes work.”
“We humans share with zebrafish this subset of ancient, peculiar genes, and the functionality has been retained in them,” says Ulitsky. “We can perturb them in zebrafish and then replace them with the human ones and, at least in the lincRNAs we look at, the human ones function to restore proper development.”
“Because of this functional conservation of lincRNAs between zebrafish and humans, we’re introducing the zebrafish as a new vertebrate tool that could be used basically to uncover the functions of other lincRNAs,” says Shkumatava.
FINDINGS: Whitehead Institute scientists have identified conserved, long intervening non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) that play key roles during brain development in zebrafish, and went on to show that the human versions of these RNAs can substitute for the zebrafish lincRNAs.
RELEVANCE: Despite their prevalence in the cell, lincRNAs have been referred to as the “dark matter” of all the transcribed RNAs because little is known of their functions or mechanisms. Until now, lincRNAs have been studied primarily in cell lines rather than at the organismal level, which has precluded research into how lincRNAs affect growth and development.
This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health’s (NIH’s) National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO), Human Frontiers Science Program, and the National Science Foundation (NSF).
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Written by Nicole Giese Rura
David Bartel is a Member at Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, where his laboratory is located and all his research is conducted. He is also a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator and a professor of biology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Full Citation:
“Conserved function of lincRNAs in vertebrate embryonic development despite rapid sequence evolution” Cell, December 23, 2011
Igor Ulitsky (1,2,3,5), Alena Shkumatava (1,2,3,5), Calvin H. Jan (1,2,3,4), Hazel Sive (1,3), David P. Bartel (1,2,3).
1. Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
2. Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
3. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
4. Present address: Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, Genentech Hall S472C, 600 16th St, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
5. These authors contributed equally to this work.
போட்டி என்று எடுத்துக் கொண்டால் குரோம் பிரவுசரை மிஞ்சிட யாரும் இல்லை என்று சொல்லும் வகையில் கூகுள் தன்னுடைய குரோம் பிரவுசரின் பதிப்பு 16னை வெளியிட்டுள்ளது.
பல் போனால் சொல் போச்சு என்பது பழமொழி. அதுவும் சிறு வயதில் பல் போனால் சாப்பிடுவதில் சிரமம் ஏற்படும், முக அழகும் கெட்டுப் போய்விடும்.
என்ன தான் பெரிய படிப்பு படித்தாலும் தமக்கென்று ஒரு பயோடேட்டா(Bio-data) உருவாக்க வேண்டும் என்றால் பலபேரின் பயோடேட்டாக்களை பார்த்து அதில் எது சிறந்ததாக இருக்கிறதோ அதன்படி தான் பலபேர் பயோடேட்டா உருவாக்குகின்றனர்.
மின்னஞ்சல் அனுப்ப பல்வேறு தளங்கள் உதவி செய்கிறன, அதில் மிகவும் பிரபலமான தளங்கள் யாஹு, ஜிமெயில், ஹாட்மெயில் போன்றவை ஆகும்.
புதிதாக ஒரு சிறிய நிறுவனம் ஆரம்பித்தாச்சு, எடுத்த உடனே மிகப்பெரிய தொகை செலவு செய்து அக்கவுண்டிங் மென்பொருள் உருவாக்க வேண்டும் என்ற அவசியம் இல்லாமல் ஓன்லைன் மூலம் எங்கிருந்து வேண்டுமானாலும் இயக்கும்படி இணையவழி அக்கவுண்டிங் மென்பொருள் இணையதளம் ஒன்று உள்ளது