Algorithms for Every One

What is "Algorithms"?

A process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations, especially by a computer.

What Is a Programming Algorithm?

So, what is a programming algorithm? You can think of a programming algorithm as a recipe that describes the exact steps needed for the computer to solve a problem or reach a goal. We've all seen food recipes - they list the ingredients needed and a set of steps for how to make the described meal. Well, an algorithm is just like that. In computer lingo, the word for a recipe is a procedure, and the ingredients are called inputs. Your computer looks at your procedure, follows it to the letter, and you get to see the results, which are called outputs. A programming algorithm describes how to do something, and your computer will do it exactly that way every time. Well, it will once you convert your algorithm into a language it understands!

However, it's important to note that a programming algorithm is not computer code. It's written in simple English (or whatever the programmer speaks). It doesn't beat around the bush--it has a start, a middle, and an end. In fact, you will probably label the first step 'start' and the last step 'end.' It includes only what you need to carry out the task. It does not include anything unclear, often called ambiguous in computer lingo, that someone reading it might wonder about.

It always leads to a solution and tries to be the most efficient solution we can think up. It's often a good idea to number the steps, but you don't have to. Instead of numbered steps, some folks use indentation and write in pseudocode, which is a semi-programming language used to describe the steps in an algorithm. But, we won't use that here since simplicity is the main thing. Other folks just use a diagram called a flowchart, which we will discuss soon.

Programming Algorithm Example

Okay, you probably wish you could see an example, right? So, what exactly does an algorithm in programming look like? Well, asking a user for an email address is probably one of the most common tasks a web-based program might need to do, so that is what we will use here for an example. An algorithm can be written as a list of steps using text or as a picture with shapes and arrows called a flowchart. We will make one of each which you will see here:

Wasn't that easy? Notice how the top of our example is just a numbered list of steps using plain English, stating exactly what we want the procedure to do (no more, no less). The bottom is the very same algorithm, but this time, we used shapes and arrows in a flowchart (like a map of the route), so that a reader can visualize the journey. That's a nice thing here, because in one of our steps (step 7) a decision must be made and, depending on the result of that decision, our steps may not go in order from start to end.

Okay! Let's take a quick run through our little recipe:

1. Step 1 is really just a reminder that this is a procedure with a beginning and an end.

2. In step 2, we make a place in the computer to store what the user types in, also called a variable

3. In step 3, we clear this variable because we might need to use it again and don't want the old contents mixed in with the new.

4. In step 4, we prompt the user for an email address

5. In step 5, we stick it in our nifty variable.

6. In step 6, we tell our computer to take a close look at this email address-- is it really an email address?

Qualities of a good algorithm

1. Input and output should be defined precisely.
2. Each steps in algorithm should be clear and unambiguous.
3. Algorithm should be most effective among many different ways to solve a problem.
4. An algorithm shouldn't have computer code. Instead, the algorithm should be written in such a way that, it can be used in similar programming languages.

Examples Of Algorithms In Programming

Write an algorithm to add two numbers entered by user.

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variables num1, num2 and sum. 
Step 3: Read values num1 and num2. 
Step 4: Add num1 and num2 and assign the result to sum.
        sum←num1+num2 
Step 5: Display sum 
Step 6: Stop

Write an algorithm to find the largest among three different numbers entered by user.

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variables a,b and c.
Step 3: Read variables a,b and c.
Step 4: If a>b
           If a>c
              Display a is the largest number.
           Else
              Display c is the largest number.
        Else
           If b>c
              Display b is the largest number.
           Else
              Display c is the greatest number.  
Step 5: Stop

Write an algorithm to find all roots of a quadratic equation ax²+bx+c=0.

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variables a, b, c, D, x1, x2, rp and ip;
Step 3: Calculate discriminant
         D←b2-4ac
Step 4: If D≥0
              r1←(-b+√D)/2a
              r2←(-b-√D)/2a 
              Display r1 and r2 as roots.
        Else     
              Calculate real part and imaginary part
              rp←b/2a
              ip←√(-D)/2a
              Display rp+j(ip) and rp-j(ip) as roots
Step 5: Stop             

Wireless Warfare How to protect your family

“The greatest act of domestic terrorism in the history of the USA is currently in process and the culprits are the energy, electrical, electronics and wireless radiation industries.”

Steven Magee

Cell Phones & the Wireless Age are causing
major health challenges!

Most people today carry a cell phone and wouldn't be without one in their day to day businesses. But knowing what the dangers are and what you can do to protect yourself and /or your loved ones can prevent  major illnesses, pain and suffering.
Cell phones are more toxic and more carcinogenic than tobacco. Cell phones emit 3 types of radiation

    - Antenna emits radio frequencies and microwaves
   - Circuitry and battery emits extremely low frequencies
Approximately 20-80% of the radiation from the antennae penetrates up to 2 inches into the brain. Cell phones carried in belts expose other areas of the body to harmful EMF’s. Children are extremely vulnerable- 50% more radiation is absorbed by a 10 year old than an adult due to their thin skulls, smaller heads and developing nervous systems. 

---

Cell Phone Radiation 

In Japan, legislation is being introduced to ban their use in restaurants. There are 203 million Americans using cell phones and over 2.13 billion worldwide users – and each year the numbers rise-  it’s the most popular item known to man.

It’s a multi-billion dollar wireless communications industry. Never have we seen a technology grow so rapidly and so profoundly in transforming the global village. By 2010- 90% of the world’s population will have mobile phones and wireless internet.

Cell phones can create microwave like effects on the human body when used in a train or an elevator as in a metal box.   The microwaves bounce off, in around and through the train, like food being cooked in a microwave oven.  You are bombarded with the phone off and worse when the phone is on.

Dr. George Carlo, an epidemiologist, lawyer, chief scientist  who headed the world’s largest research effort into wireless safety, also co-author with journalist Martin Schram of "Cell Phones: Invisible Hazards in the Wireless Age" pointed out 4 major findings in his research:

1. cell phones interfere with pacemakers,
2. developing skulls of children are penetrated deeply by the energy emitted from a cell phone,
3. the blood brain barrier which prevents invasion of the brain by toxins can be compromised by the cell phone radiation, and most startling,
4. radio frequency radiation creates micronuclei in human blood cells, a type of genetic damage known to be a diagnostic marker for cancer.” Found in cell phone users!!

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Electromagnetic Pollution

In totalling all of our modern day exposures - We are exposed to 200,000,000 times more EM fields in our environment today than our ancestors. This is WAY more than our circuits can handle. EMF is classified as a Group 2B carcinogen under standards established by the World Health Organization’s Agency for Cancer Research. The chemicals DDT and lead are also Group 2B carcinogens. ( Source: National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences)

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It's become a mounting problem...

EMF's or Electro-Smog is the # 1 Pollutant- They are invisible, silent and  ubiquitous.
In fact, more studies exist showing the adverse effects of EMF's (electromagnetic fields) than there are studies showing risks for cancer by smokers.  In May 2006, the London Observer reported the growing concern about what it called the 'invisible smog' that has been created by the 'electricity that powers our civilization'.  Scientific evidence showed that this was: 

• 'giving children cancer
• causing miscarriages
• suicides
• making some people allergic to modern life‘.

Dr. Jack Kruse:·
Radiation from wireless technology affects the blood, the heart, and the autonomic nervous system, your breasts, ovaries and sperm cells. RF/microwave radiation affects your germline and ruins mitochondrial DNA because it ruins calcium/calmodulin second messenger system of signaling in cells. You do not need nuclear DNA or RNA damage to cause widespread organ dysfunction via the IONIZING part of the spectrum of light. Even RF radiation, on the low energy end of the spectrum of light, causes is as the NTP study just laid out.
Exposure to electrosmog generated by electric, electronic, and wireless technology is accelerating to the point that a portion of the population is experiencing adverse reactions when they are exposed. The symptoms of electrohypersensitivity (EHS), best described as rapid aging syndrome, germline disorders, mitochondrial energy deficits that are more prominently experienced by children than adults and resemble symptoms experienced by radar operators in the 1940s to the 1960s and are well described in the literature and in Robert O. Becker and Dr. Andrew Marino's books.
An increasingly common response includes clumping (rouleau formation) of the red blood cells, heart palpitations, pain or pressure in the chest accompanied by anxiety, and an upregulation of the sympathetic nervous system coincident with a downregulation of the parasympathetic nervous system typical of the "fight-or-flight" response. The patient becomes chronically dehydrated because of poor water creation due to poor mitochondrial function and blood sugar and blood pressure rises in these cases to varying degrees. Provocation studies have demonstrated that the response to electrosmog is physiologic and not psychosomatic.
Those who experience prolonged and severe chronic electromagnetic exposure may develop physiologic and psychologic problems as a consequence of their inability to work, become fertile, their limited ability to travel in our highly technologic environment, and the social stigma that their symptoms are imagined rather than real. This is what American communication network is doing to the American public's cells and tissues 24/7 now.
5G will ELEVATE THESE RISKS BECAUSE JUMP CONDUCTION IS A FEATURE OF THE ENGINEERING OF THESE WAVEFORMS BETWEEN 6-90 GHz now live in a city near you. The NTP study release of 11/1/2018 was your last official warning. It is time to protect yourself because no one else is going to do it for you. You will soon see unusual human behavior and sickness all around you that shows acute mitochondrial failure from rather innocuous stimuli. The official word on these reports will be lies and obfuscation to control the narrative and maintain control while the profiteers of the internet of things keep harvesting $$$$ from your wallets as you become even more addicted to what is harming you.
Here is my warning: Never underestimate the ability of others to PURPOSELY hide knowledge about disease etiology beneath a carefully curated façade of the illusion of knowledge called settled science.

How Brains understand to Smell

Unlike images, odours are unstructured, ill-defined things. What neuroscientists are learning about the olfactory system could help computer scientists develop new, more powerful machine learning algorithms.
Now, teams of scientists have developed a deep learning method that smells compounds in the human breath and detects illnesses. The AI can detect 17 diseases, including 8 different types of cancer, just from your breath. This AI is cable of recognizing chemical signatures of the diseases by their chemical structure.

Random and Sparse Networks

Olfaction differs from the vision on many fronts. Smells are unstructured. They don’t have edges; they’re not objects that can be grouped in space. They’re mixtures of varying compositions and concentrations, and they’re difficult to categorize as similar to or different from one another. It’s therefore not always clear which features should get attention.

These odours are analyzed by a shallow, three-layer network that’s considerably less complex than the visual cortex. Neurons in olfactory areas randomly sample the entire receptor space, not specific regions in a hierarchy. They employ what Charles Stevens, a neurobiologist at the Salk Institute, calls an “anti-map.” In a mapped system like the visual cortex, the position of a neuron reveals something about the type of information it carries. But in the anti-map of the olfactory cortex, that’s not the case. Instead, information is distributed throughout the system, and reading that data involves sampling from some minimum number of neurons. An anti-map is achieved through what’s known as a sparse representation of information in a higher dimensional space.

Take the olfactory circuit of the fruit fly: 50 projection neurons receive input from receptors that are each sensitive to different molecules. A single odour will excite many different neurons, and each neuron represents a variety of odours. It’s a mess of information, of overlapped representations, that is at this point represented in a 50-dimensional space. The information is then randomly projected to 2,000 so-called Kenyon cells, which encode particular scents. (In mammals, cells in what’s known as the piriform cortex handle this.) That constitutes a 40-fold expansion in dimension, which makes it easier to distinguish odours by the patterns of neural responses.

Cecile G. Tamura

URGENT Vacancies- please mail me the CV's

 

Multiple positions are available.

Senior Lead

Senior Business Analyst

Senior Software Engineer

QA Engineer

Software Engineer

Account Manager

Business Analyst

service desk engineer

BI Engineer

Associate Technical consultant

Associate system Administrator

Junior Social Media Executive

The reason for even a moth’s brain is smarter than an Artificial Intelligence

Insects can recognize odors after just a handful of exposures, but machines still need huge training data sets to learn.

"In moths, the successful recognition of an odor triggers a reward mechanism in which neurons spray a chemical neurotransmitter called octopamine into the antenna lobe and mushroom body.

This is a crucial part of the learning process. Octopamine seems to help reinforce the neural wiring that leads to success. It is a key part of Hebbian learning, in which “cells that fire together wire together.” Indeed, neuroscientists have long known that moths do not learn without octopamine. But the role it plays isn’t well understood.

Learning in machines is very different. It relies on a process called backpropagation, which tweaks the neural connections in a way that improves outcomes. But information essentially travels backward through the network in this process, and there is no known analogue of it in nature."

Sophia (robot)சவுதி அரேபியாவின் குடியுரிமைப் பெற்ற உலகின் முதல் பெண் ரோபோ

Sophia is a humanoid robot developed by Hong Kong-based company Hanson Robotics. She has been designed to learn and adapt to human behavior and work with humans, and has been interviewed around the world. In October 2017, she became a Saudi Arabian citizen, the first robot to receive citizenship of a country. Hanson designed Sophia to be a suitable companion for the elderly at nursing homes, or to help crowds at large events or parks. He hopes that she can ultimately interact with other humans sufficiently to gain social skills.
சவுதி அரேபியாவின் ரியாத் நகரில் நடந்த இந்த நிகழ்ச்சி நடந்தது. அப்போது பேசிய ஆண்ட்ரூ ராஸ் என்பவர் “ஒரு நல்ல அறிவிப்பு காத்திருக்கிறது. சோபியா... நான் பேசுவதை கேட்கிறாயா? சவுதி அரேபியாவின் முதல் ரோபோ குடியுரிமை உனக்கு வழங்கப்பட்டிருக்கிறது” என்றார். பதிலுக்கு சோபியாவும் ”சவூதி அரசுக்கு நன்றி. உலகின் முதல் குடியுரிமை பெற்ற ரோபோ என்பதில் எனக்கு பெருமையும் மகிழ்ச்சியும்” என நன்றி தெரிவித்திருக்கிறது. 

அதோடு முடியவில்லை. முதல் பிரஸ்மீட்டையும் சோஃபியாதான் தந்திருக்கிறது. அதனிடம் கேள்விக்கேட்க அனைத்துக்கும் டக் டக் என பதில் சொல்லியிருக்கிறது.

“ஹாய்... நான் தான் சோஃபியா. ஹன்சன் ரோபோடிக்ஸ் நிறுவனத்தின் சமீபத்திய மற்றும் சிறந்த ரோபோ நான்” எனத் தொடங்க, அடுத்தடுத்தக் கேள்விகள் வந்தன.

“ஏன் நீ சந்தோஷமாக இருக்கிறாய்” என ஒருவர் கேட்க, “என்னைச் சுற்றி நிறைய ஸ்மார்ட் ஆன மனிதர்கள் இருக்கிறார்கள். இவர்கள் எதிர்காலத்துக்கான விஷயங்களில் ஆர்வம் காட்டுகிறார்கள். எதிர்காலம் செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவுக்கானது. அது நான் தான். அதனால்தான் நான் சந்தோஷமாக இருக்கிறேன்” என்றது.

செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவால் மக்களுக்கு எதிர்காலத்தில் ஆபத்து வருமாமே என்றதும் சோஃபியா சொன்ன பதில்தான் ஹைலைட். “நீங்கள் எலான் மஸ்க் சொல்வதையும், ஹாலிவுட் படங்களையும் நிறைய பார்க்கறீர்கள்” என கிண்டலடித்தது சோஃபியா.

சமீபத்தில், எலான் மஸ்க் ரோபோக்கள் பற்றி இப்படிச் சொல்லியிருந்தார்.

“ரோபோக்கள் அனைத்து வேலைகளையும் நம்மைவிட சிறந்த முறையில் நிச்சயம் செய்யும். அதன் வளர்ச்சி மனித இனத்துக்கு மிகவும் அச்சுறுத்தலான ஒன்று. அதை நாம் ஏன் வரவேற்கிறோம் என்றே எனக்குப் புரியவில்லை. அரசு இது குறித்த ஆராய்ச்சிகளில் மூக்கை நுழைத்து கட்டுப்பாடுகளை விதிக்க வேண்டும். விதிகளைப் பலப்படுத்த வேண்டும். இந்த விஷயத்தில் தாமதம் செய்யும் ஒவ்வொரு நாளும் நமக்கு ஆபத்துதான்!” 

இதைத்தான் சோஃபியா கிண்டல் செய்திருக்கிறது. 

மேலும், “நான் மனித குலத்துக்கு உதவ நினைக்கிறேன். தனது செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவின் உதவியால் மனிதர்களின் வாழ்க்கையை சிறப்பானதாக மாற்ற நினைக்கிறேன். இந்த உலகை சிறந்ததொரு இடமாக மாற்ற என்னால் முடிந்ததி செய்வேன்” எனப் பேசி அப்ளாஸ் அள்ளியிருகிறது சோஃபியா.

உங்கள் வீட்டில் ஒரு ரோபோ வாழ ந்தால் நீங்கள் அதை எப்படி உணர்வீர்கள்?”, என்று கேட்கும் இந்த மனிதரையொத்த ரோபோவின் பெயர் சோஃபியா.

இவரால் உங்களிடம் உரையாட முடியும். அறுபதுக்கும் அதிகமான உணர்வுகளை முகத்தில் வெளிப்படுத்தவும் முடியும்.

ஹன்சன் ரோபோடிக்ஸ் எனும் புது நிறுவனம் உருவாக்கிய இந்தரக முதலாவது ரோபோ இவர்.மனிதர்கள் பேசுவதை இவர் புரிந்துகொள்வார். மனிதர்களுடனான தனது தொடர்பாடல்களையெல்லாம் நன்கு நினைவில் வைத்துக்கொள்வார்.நடிகை ஆட்ரே ஹெப்பர்னின் முகம் போன்றே இவர் முகமும் உருவாக்கப்பட்டுள்ளதால் இவர் நன்கு அறிமுகமான முகமாக தெரிகிறார்.இவர் தலையிலுள்ள கேமெராக்கள், கணினிகள் மூலம் இவரால் பார்க்க முடியும். அடுத்தவர் முகங்களை அடையாளம் காணவும் முடியும்.

“உணர்வுரீதியிலும் புத்திசாலியாக விரும்புவதாக”, கூறும் சோஃபியா, மனிதராக இருப்பதன் அர்த்தத்தையும் பயின்று வருவதாகவும் தெரிவிக்கிறார்.தான் தொடர்ந்து புத்திசாலியாக முயல்வதாக கூறும் சோஃபியா, வெகுவிரைவில் தன்னால் மனிதர்களை மேலும் நன்றாக புரிந்துகொள்ள முடியும் என்றும் நம்புகிறார்.சோஃபியாவிடம் பல வியக்க வைக்கும் ஆற்றல்கள் இருந்தாலும் இரக்கத்தை வெளிப்படுத்த இவரால் இயலவில்லை.

ஆனாலும் சோஃபியா அசருவதாக இல்லை.“மீண்டும் உங்களிடம் உரையாட முடியுமென நம்புகிறேன். இந்த நாள் உங்களுக்கு நல்லநாளாக அமைய வாழ்த்துக்கள்” என்கிறார் இவர்.

How immersive technologies will reshape networks

Immersive technologies such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) traffic streams will be the next wave of disruption for networks.

Massive growth in video traffic not only increases demand for bandwidth, but also requires lower latency. Video content providers, just as SaaS providers before them, are also being forced to peer at larger numbers of loc...ations to reduce transit latency.

However, the peering model at colocations might not be able to satisfy the latency and compute requirements that will be generated by IoT applications and immersive new services like virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR).

VR and AR use 360-degree video to allow users to see and experience an environment from all angles in order to create the sensation that they are in the digital content they are watching. This immersive experience has tremendous potential in both corporate and consumer applications like tourism, entertainment, corporate meetings, education and health care.

In short, there is a very high probability that VR and AR will produce unprecedented levels of data that will need to be transported across the network.

As a result, last-mile networks will need much higher traffic management capabilities to meet the very low-latency, high-throughput demands of immersive content.

Cecile G. Tamura

18-Yr-Old Rifath Shaarook From Tamil Nadu Makes India Proud, Builds World’s Smallest & Lightest Satellite

Eight months of hard work, a team of seven youngsters from Tamil Nadu, a contest involving designs and models from 57 countries, and a winning model of a satellite that is only 64 grams in weight: seven Indian students have made the country proud by designing the world’s lightest and smallest satellite.

The Logical Indian spoke to the team’s leader, Rifath Shaarook. Rifath is only 18 years old and extremely passionate about space. He grew up in a science-crazy household, with his small room in Pallapatti, Karur, Tamil Nadu serving as his first research station.

“My dad, Mohamed Farook, was a scientist who did independent research in astronomy,” Rifath said. “He was an EC Engineer. He passed away in 2008 when I was 9. We always talked about space and astronomy in my childhood. I used to tell him that, one day, I would launch a satellite of my own. Now that’s dream is coming true but, sadly, my dad is no more with me.”

Shaarook built the 65gram (0.14lb) device as an exercise in demonstrating how well carbon fiber performs when 3D printed.

His invention is now set for a sub-orbital, four-hour mission in outer space.

During this short mission, the tiny satellite will be fully operational for 12 minutes in space’s micro-gravity.

“We designed it completely from scratch. It will have a new kind of on-board computer and eight indigenous built-in sensors to measure acceleration, rotation and the magnetosphere of the earth,” he told Business Standard.

Shaarook named the little tech-wonder after India’s science-loving former President Abdul Kalam. He calls it KalamSat.

Kalam spearheaded many initiatives and paved the way for the country’s aeronautical scientists to make great advancements in space exploration for India.

Shaarok’s background is a humble one. He comes from a small town in Tamil Nadu and is currently working as a lead scientist for Space Kidz India.

The program encourages and promotes young children and teenagers in India to study science and education.

Shaarok also has a history of invention. For example, three years prior, he built a variation of a helium weather balloon as part of a nationwide young scientist’s competition. 

A single failure of a superintelligent AI system could cause an existential risk event.

"In the near future, as artificial intelligence (AI) systems become more capable, we will begin to see more automated and increasingly sophisticated social engineering attacks. The rise of AI-enabled cyberattacks is expected to cause an explosion of network penetrations, personal data thefts, and an epidemic-level spread of intelligent computer viruses. Ironically, our best hope to defend against AI-enabled hacking is by using AI. But this is very likely to lead to an AI arms race, the consequences of which may be very troubling in the long term, especially as big government actors join the cyber wars."

WHAT EXACTLY IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

Very simply, it’s machines doing things that are considered to require intelligence when humans do them: understanding natural language, recognising faces in photos, driving a car, or guessing what other books we might like based on what we have previously enjoyed reading.

It’s the difference between a mechanical arm on a factory production line programmed to repeat the same basic task over and over again, and an arm that learns through trial and error how to handle different tasks by itself.

HOW IS AI HELPING US?

The leading approach to AI right now is machine learning, in which programs are trained to pick out and respond to patterns in large amounts of data, such as identifying a face in an image or choosing a winning move in the board game Go. This technique can be applied to all sorts of problems, such as getting computers to spot patterns in medical images, for example. Google’s artificial intelligence company DeepMind are collaborating with the UK’s National Health Service in a handful of projects, including ones in which their software is being taught to diagnose cancer and eye disease from patient scans. Others are using machine learning to catch early signs of conditions such as heart disease and Alzheimers.

Artificial intelligence is also being used to analyse vast amounts of molecular information looking for potential new drug candidates – a process that would take humans too long to be worth doing. Indeed, machine learning could soon be indispensable to healthcare.
Artificial intelligence can also help us manage highly complex systems such as global shipping networks. For example, the system at the heart of the Port Botany container terminal in Sydney manages the movement of thousands of shipping containers in and out of the port, controlling a fleet of automated, driverless straddle-carriers in a completely human-free zone. Similarly, in the mining industry, optimisation engines are increasingly being used to plan and coordinate the movement of a resource, such as iron ore, from initial transport on huge driverless mine trucks, to the freight trains that take the ore to port.
AIs are at work wherever you look, in industries from finance to transportation, monitoring the share market for suspicious trading activity or assisting with ground and air traffic control. They even help to keep spam out of your inbox. And this is just the beginning for artificial intelligence. As the technology advances, so too does the number of applications.

How dangerous is AI really?

Look at any newsfeed today, and you'll undoubtedly see some mention of AI. Deep machine learning is becoming the norm. Couple that with Moore's Law and the age of quantum computers that's undoubtedly upon us and it's clear that AI is right around the corner. But how dangerous is AI really? When it comes down to it, how can a connected network operating within the confines of laws that govern other organisms' survival actually be stopped?

While the birth of AI is surely a utilitarian quest in that our natural tendencies are to improve upon prior iterations of life through the advancement of technology, and that AI will clearly pave the way for a heightened speed of progress, is it also spelling out the end of all humanity? Is our species' hubris in crafting AI systems ultimately going be to blamed for its downfall when it occurs?

If all of this sounds like a doom-and-gloom scenario, it likely is. What's to stop AI when it's unleashed? Even if AI is confined to a set of rules, true autonomy can be likened to free will, one in which man or machine get to determine what is right or wrong. And what's to stop AI that lands in the hands of bad actors or secretive government regimes hell bent on doing harm to its enemies or the world?

When AI is unleashed, there is nothing that can stop it. No amount of human wrangling can bring in a fully-activated and far-reaching network composed of millions of computers acting with the level of consciousness that's akin to humans. An emotional, reactive machine aware of its own existence could lash out if it were threatened. And if it were truly autonomous, it could improve upon its design, engineer stealthy weapons, infiltrate impenetrable systems, and act in accordance to its own survival.

Throughout the ages, we've seen the survival of the fittest. It's mother nature's tool, her chisel if you well, sharpening and crafting after each failure, honing the necessities, discarding the filaments, all towards the end of increasing the efficiency of the organic machine.

Today, humans are the only species on the planet capable of consciously bending the will of nature and largely impacting the demise of plants, animals, environments, and even other people. But what happens when that changes? When a super-intelligent machine's existence is threatened, how will it actually react? Aside from the spiritual issues that revolve around the "self," how can we confidently march forward knowing all too well we might be opening up Pandora's Box ?

Thanks  http://www.bbc.com

அழிந்து போன புகைப்படங்களை பத்திரமாக மீட்பது எப்படி தெரியுமா?

Android ஸ்மார்ட்போன்களில் தவறுதலாக அழிந்து போன புகைப்படங்களை பத்திரமாக மீட்பது (ரீஸ்டோர் செய்வது) எப்படி என்பதை பற்றி பார்ப்போம்.
Android ஸ்மார்ட்போன்களில் பெரும்பாலானோர் சந்திக்கும் பிரச்சனைகளில் ஒன்று டேட்டா சேமிப்பு தான் எனலாம்.
புகைப்படம், வீடியோ, என பல்வேறு தரவுகளை தினசரி அடிப்படையில் ஸ்மார்ட்போனில் சேமித்து வரும் போது திடீரென அவை காணாமல் போயிருக்கும்.
தகவல்கள் எப்படி காணால் போனது என்பதே நினைவில் இல்லாத நிலையில், அவற்றை எப்படி மீட்க வேண்டும் என பற்றி இங்கு பார்ப்போம்.

குறிப்பு: பின்வரும் வழிமுறைகளை பின்பற்றும் முன் உங்களது ஸ்மார்ட்போன் அல்லது புகைப்படங்கள் காணாமல் போன மெமரி கார்டினுள் மீண்டும் தரவுகளை சேமிக்க வேண்டாம்.
இவ்வாறு செய்தால் அழிந்து போன புகைப்படங்களை மீட்பது கடினமாகி விடும்.
சில சமயங்களில் அவற்றை மீட்க முடியாத நிலை கூட ஏற்படலாம்.

மென்பொருள் டவுன்லோடு:
ஸ்மார்ட்போனில் அழிந்து போன புகைப்படங்களை மீட்க உங்களது கணினியில் Android டேட்டா ரெக்கவரி (Android Data Recovery) என்ற மென்பொருள் அவசியம் தேவை.
முதலில் இந்த மென்பொருளை டவுன்லோடு செய்து கணினியில் இன்ஸ்டால் செய்ய வேண்டும்.
அடுத்து கணினியில் இன்ஸ்டால் செய்த மென்பொருளை இயக்கி டேட்டா ரெக்கவரி (Data Recovery) என்ற ஆப்ஷனை கிளிக் செய்ய வேண்டும், இனி உங்களது Android ஸ்மார்ட்போனை கணினியுடன் இணைக்கலாம்.
குறிப்பு: ஒருவேளை கணினியில் இன்ஸ்டால் செய்யப்பட்ட மென்பொருள் உங்களின் ஸ்மார்ட்போனை டிடெக்ட் (Detect) செய்யவில்லை எனில், கணினியில் டிரைவர் இன்ஸ்டால் செய்து, போனை ரீஸ்டார்ட் செய்து பின் மென்பொருளுடன் இணைக்கலாம்.
USB debugging:
மென்பொருள் உங்களது ஸ்மார்ட்போனை டிடெக்ட் செய்து விட்டால் நேரடியாக அடுத்த வழிமுறையினை பின்பற்றலாம். இல்லையெனில் உங்களது சாதனத்தில் யுஎஸ்பி டீபக்கிங் (USB debugging) செய்ய வேண்டும்.
* இதற்கு ஸ்மார்ட்போனின் “Settings” < “About Phone” < “Build number” ஆப்ஷனை “You are under developer mode” என்ற வார்த்தை திரையில் தெரியும் வரை கிளிக் செய்ய வேண்டும்.
* அடுத்து< மீண்டும் “Settings” < “Developer options” < “USB debugging” ஒப்ஷன்களை கிளிக் செய்ய வேண்டும்.
குறிப்பு: மேலே வழங்கப்பட்ட யுஎஸ்பி டீபக்கிங் செய்யும் வழிமுறை எண்ட்ராய்டு 4.2 மற்றும் அதற்கும் மேல் இருக்கும் அப்டேட்டில் மட்டுமே வேலை செய்யும்.

Android ஸ்மார்ட்போனினை ஸ்கேன் செய்யவும்:
அடுத்த திரையில் “Gallery”, ஆப்ஷன் சென்று “Next” கிளிக் செய்ய வேண்டும். இவ்வாறு செய்ததும் மென்பொருள் உங்களது சாதனத்தை புரிந்து கொள்ளும்.
இனி “Standard mode” அல்லது “Advanced mode” ஆப்ஷன்களை கிளிக் செய்து சாதனத்தை ஸ்கேன் செய்ய உங்களுக்கு ஏற்ற மோடினை தேர்வு செய்யலாம்.
குறிப்பு: இந்த வழிமுறையை துவங்கும் முன் உங்களது சாதனத்தின் பேட்டரி அளவு 20%-க்கும் அதிகமாக இருப்பதை உறுதி செய்து கொள்ளுங்கள்.
இனி உங்களது சாதனத்தை ஸ்கேன் செய்ய துவங்கலாம்.
இவ்வாறு செய்வதன் மூலம் புகைப்படங்கள், மெசேஜ்கள், கென்டெக் மற்றும் வீடியோக்களையும் மீட்க முடியும்.
இதன் பின் உங்களது சாதனத்தில் “allow” ஆப்ஷனை கிளிக் செய்ய வேண்டும்.
இனி கணினி திரையில் உங்களது அழிக்கப்பட்ட டேட்டா ஸ்கேன் செய்யப்படுவதை பார்க்க முடியும்.
பிரீவியூ மற்றும் ரீஸ்டோர்:
ஸ்கேன் செய்து முடிந்த பின் உங்களது சாதனத்தில் அழிந்து போயிருந்த புகைப்படங்களை திரையில் பார்க்க முடியும்.
அடுத்து திரையில் தெரியும் ரெக்கவர் “Recover” பட்டனை கிளிக் செய்து அவற்றை கணினியில் சேமித்து கொள்ளலாம்.
புகைப்படம்: .android-recovery-transfer.com

Three Generations Interesting Chart:

Electron Spins Talk to Each Other Via a 'Quantum Mediator'

 Cecile G. Tamura

In the esoteric world of quantum computing research, it is relatively easy to get two bits of quantum information to communicate with one another—as long as they are neighbors. Separate them, however, and they can no longer exchange information.

Thanks to a clever work around new Lieven Vandersypen, Ph.D. student Tim Baart, and post-doc Takafumi Fujita, we now have a way to overcome this problem. They hope to use it to make quantum computers more flexible by improving their ability to exchange information over longer distances.

One way quantum computers store information is through electron spin of quantum dots. An “up” spin would be zero; a “down” spin would be one. They communicate spin information when the electrons are next to one another.

The researchers then added an empty quantum dot between the two occupied quantum dots. Lowering the energy barrier of the empty dot enables the occupied dot to send its spin information into the empty dot. The empty dot can then transmit it to the second occupied dot.

The researchers can turn the interaction on and off at will. This could make it possible to transmit information over longer distances in computers by using strings of empty dots.

The unparalleled possibilities of quantum computers are currently still limited because information exchange between the bits in such computers is difficult, especially over larger distances. Lieven Vandersypen, Professor at QuTech and workgroup leader at the Dutch Organization for Fundamental Research on Matter (FOM), have succeeded with his colleagues for the first time in enabling two non-neighbouring quantum bits in the form of electron spins in semiconductors to communicate with each other.

Information exchange is something that we scarcely think about these days. People constantly communicate via e-mails, mobile messaging applications and phone calls. Technically, it is the bits in those various devices that talk to each other. “For a normal computer, this poses absolutely no problem,” says professor Lieven Vandersypen, Co-Director of the Kavli Institute of Nanotechnology at TU Delft. “However, for the quantum computer – which is potentially much faster than the current computers – that information exchange between quantum bits is very complex, especially over long distances.”

Electrons talk with each other

Within Vandersypen's research group, PhD student Tim Baart and postdoc Takafumi Fujita worked on the communication between quantum bits. Each bit consists of a single electron with a spin direction (spin up = ‘0’ and spin down = ‘1’). “From previous research, we knew that two neighbouring electron spins can interact with each other, but that this interaction sharply decreases with increasing distance between them,” says Baart. “ We have now managed to make two non-neighbouring electrons communicate with each other for the first time. To achieve this, we used a quantum mediator: an object that can exchange the information between the two spins over a larger distance.”

Mediator

Chip used to create quantum dots The chip with the electrical contacts used to create the quantum dots. (Source: Tim Baart)
Baart and Fujita positioned the electrons in so-called quantum dots, where they were held in position by an electrical field. Between the two occupied quantum dots, they positioned an empty quantum dot that could form an energy barrier between the two spins. “By adjusting the electrical field around the empty quantum dot, we could enable the electrons to exchange their spin information via the superexchange mechanism: when the energy barrier is lowered, the spin information is exchanged,” says Baart. “This makes the empty quantum dot act as a type of mediator to make the interaction between the quantum bits possible. Furthermore, we can switch this interaction on and off at will.”

Fast quantum computer

The research of Vandersypen and Baart forms an important step in the construction of a larger quantum computer in which the communication between quantum bits over large distances is essential. Now that the concept of this quantum mediator has been demonstrated in practice, the researchers want to increase the distance between electron spins and place other types of ‘mediators’ between the quantum bits as well.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot

http://www.tudelft.nl/…/deta…/onderhandelen-met-quantumdots/

http://www.trustedreviews.com/…/quantum-dots-explained-what…