Recent research suggests that metformin, a medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes, may have the ability to slow down the aging process by activating cellular pathways through AMPK that promote youthful cellular functioning, making it a promising candidate for an anti-aging drug. This is particularly good news for individuals with diabetes, as high blood glucose levels not only cause insulin resistance but also accelerate the aging process. Furthermore, studies have shown that metformin has benefits beyond regulating glucose levels and treating diabetes, including protection against cancer and cardiovascular disease, neuroprotection, and weight loss by regulating AMPK-activated pathways that promote healthy metabolism.
Is it possible that a commonly used medication for diabetes could also have anti-aging benefits?
Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is a small molecule naturally
present in our body. During ageing, levels of AKG decline.
Alpha-ketoglutarate is used by the mitochondria, which
convert this substance into energy, but alpha-ketoglutarate has various other
functions in the body.
How alpha-ketoglutarate extends lifespan
Alpha-ketoglutarate has multiple effects on the ageing
process. Firstly, it has epigenetic effects, which impact the
molecular machinery surrounding DNA that determines which genes are activated
or suppressed. As we age, the epigenome becomes dysregulated, which contributes
to ageing. Alpha-ketoglutarate can help to regulate the epigenome by activating
the TET enzyme, which requires vitamin C to function properly. Also,
alpha-ketoglutarate is involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism and
can help cells maintain metabolic flexibility. It also improves mitochondrial
health and activates AMPK, which is important for metabolic and longevity
regulation.
Furthermore, alpha-ketoglutarate aids the body in detoxification by
helping to eliminate ammonia, a waste product that can accumulate in the body.
It may also provide energy and endurance by fueling the mitochondria. Alpha-ketoglutarate
is involved in maintaining stem cell health and bone and gut metabolism, and
calcium alpha-ketoglutarate can aid in collagen production and reduce fibrosis,
promoting healthy, youthful skin.
Are you feeling overwhelmed and fatigued? The blame might be
placed on cortisol, the infamous "stress hormone".
Many theories and pieces of information are circulating about cortisol, such as the idea that drinking tea or eating
chocolate can lower its levels. However, the reality is more complex than that.
According to Dr. Yufang Lin, an integrative medicine practitioner, while
nutrition is crucial for managing stress and promoting a healthy mood, no single food can accomplish this goal. Instead, a comprehensive approach
that considers all aspects of one's lifestyle is necessary.
Cortisol and stress
The basics Cortisol is one of several natural hormones the body produces. Cortisol levels do go up when you’re stressed. But it doesn’t deserve its bad rap.
“Cortisol supports overall health,” Dr. Lin says. “It helps us wake up, gives us energy during the day and lowers at night to help us sleep and rest.”
The problem arises when chronic stress keeps cortisol levels high for the long haul. High cortisol levels over weeks or months can lead to inflammation and mental and physical health problems, from anxiety to weight gain to heart disease.
While some studies suggest that certain foods, including
tea, chocolate, and fish oils, may lower cortisol levels, Dr. Lin notes that
such studies are often small and inconclusive.
Consuming anchovies on pizza or eating a block of chocolate
is unlikely to balance cortisol levels. However, good nutrition can make a
difference, as cortisol interacts with neurotransmitters that play a
significant role in mood. In addition to cortisol, other compounds can also
affect neurotransmitters. To create these neurotransmitters, the body requires
all of the necessary raw materials, including vitamins, minerals, and other
nutrients, according to Dr. Lin.
She suggests following a balanced, plant-heavy diet, such as
the Mediterranean diet, to obtain these nutrients. A healthy diet, according to
Dr. Lin, is the foundation of stress management. A balanced meal plan can also ensure the body receives the necessary nutrients. Dr. Lin
recommends speaking with a doctor about taking a basic multivitamin as a form
of insurance to avoid vitamin deficiencies.
Autophagy is a self-degradative process that is important for balancing sources of energy at critical times in development and in response to nutrient stress. Autophagy also plays a housekeeping role in removing misfolded or aggregated proteins, clearing damaged organelles, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomes, as well as eliminating intracellular pathogens. Thus, autophagy is generally thought of as a survival mechanism, although its deregulation has been linked to non-apoptotic cell death. Autophagy can be either non-selective or selective in the removal of specific organelles, ribosomes and protein aggregates, although the mechanisms regulating aspects of selective autophagy are not fully worked out. In addition to elimination of intracellular aggregates and damaged organelles, autophagy promotes cellular senescence and cell surface antigen presentation, protects against genome instability and prevents necrosis, giving it a key role in preventing diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, cardiomyopathy, diabetes, liver disease, autoimmune diseases and infections. This review summarizes the most up-to-date findings on how autophagy is executed and regulated at the molecular level and how its disruption can lead to disease.
What is autophagy?
Autophagy (pronounced “ah-TAH-fah-gee”) is your body’s process of reusing old and damaged cell parts. Cells are the basic building blocks of every tissue and organ in your body. Each cell contains multiple parts that keep it functioning. Over time, these parts can become defective or stop working. They become litter, or junk, inside an otherwise healthy cell.
Autophagy is your body’s cellular recycling system. It allows a cell to disassemble its junk parts and repurpose the salvageable bits and pieces into new, usable cell parts. A cell can discard the parts it doesn’t need.
Autophagy is also quality control for your cells. Too many junk components in a cell take up space and can slow or prevent a cell from functioning correctly. Autophagy remakes the clutter into the selected cell components you need, optimizing your cells’ performance.
Why is autophagy important?
Autophagy is essential for a cell to survive and function. Autophagy:
Recycles damaged cell parts into fully functioning cell parts.
Gets rid of nonfunctional cell parts that take up space and slow performance.
Destroys pathogens in a cell that can damage it, like viruses and bacteria.
Autophagy plays an important role when it comes to aging and longevity, too. As a person ages, autophagy decreases, which can lead to a build-up of cellular junk parts and, in turn, cells that aren’t functioning at their best.
What happens during autophagy?
Autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) make autophagy possible. ATGs cause structures called autophagosomes to form. Autophagosomes carry the junk cell pieces to a part of the cell called a lysosome. A lysosome’s job is to digest or break down other cell parts.
Imagine lysosomes — part of a cell — eating other parts of the cell. The word “autophagy” is a combination of two Greek words translated to mean “self-devouring”:
“Autos” means self.
“Phagomai” means to eat.
Lysosomes eat the junk cell parts and then release the reusable bits and pieces. The cells use these raw materials to make new parts.
What causes autophagy?
Autophagy occurs when your body’s cells are deprived of nutrients or oxygen or if they’re damaged in some way.
Think of it this way: Autophagy is a recycling process that makes the most of a cell’s already-existing energy resources. The process ramps up when your body has to make the most of these resources because your cells aren’t getting them from an outside source.
With autophagy, a cell essentially eats itself to survive. The bonus is that this survival process can lead to cells that work more efficiently.
Can you induce autophagy?
You can induce autophagy by stressing your cells to send them into survival mode. You can induce autophagy through:
Fasting: Fasting means that you stop eating for a certain amount of time. Fasting deprives your body of nutrients, forcing it to repurpose cell components to function.
Calorie restriction: Restricting your calories means decreasing the number of energy units, or calories, your body consumes. Instead of depriving your body of calories completely (as with fasting), you limit them. This forces your cells into autophagy to compensate for the lost nutrients.
Switching to a high-fat, low-carb diet: This type of diet, commonly referred to as a keto diet, changes the way your body burns energy, so that instead of burning carbs or sugar for energy, it burns fat instead. This switch can trigger autophagy.
Exercise: Exercise stimulates processes that increase the activity of ATGs, such as stressing your skeletal muscles. Exercise can induce autophagy, depending on the type of exercise you’re doing and its intensity.
Still, being able to induce autophagy doesn’t mean you should. For instance, fasting, calorie restriction or switching to a keto diet may not be safe if you’re pregnant, breastfeeding or if you have a condition like diabetes. Similarly, you shouldn’t begin a vigorous exercise routine without consulting a healthcare provider.
How long do you have to fast for autophagy to occur?
Studies involving animals suggest that autophagy may begin between 24 to 48 hours of fasting. Not enough research has been collected on the ideal timing to trigger human autophagy.
Talk to a healthcare provider if you’re considering significant changes to your diet, like fasting. While fasting may be a good option for some people, it may put others’ health at risk. Don’t risk it.
What is the relationship between autophagy and disease?
Scientists once thought of autophagy as housekeeping — your cells’ way of tidying up to survive and function correctly. Within the past 20 years, scientists have discovered that autophagy may also play an important role in preventing and responding to disease.
What foods inhibit autophagy?
Interestingly, protein-based beverages may decrease autophagy activity. In a randomized control crossover trial, eight males were administered different protein/carb beverages after completing a 36-hour fast. A marker of autophagy activity (LC3II/LC3I ratio) was measured during the fasting vs. the non-fasting periods. A decrease in autophagy occurred when the men sipped on the protein-rich beverages (leucine-rich whey or soy-based protein) but not the carbohydrate-rich ones. The researchers noted that these findings align with rodent studies where branched-chain amino acids tend to suppress autophagy during catabolic conditions (like fasting). Glucose, on the other hand, does not impact autophagy.
Foods that promote autophagy
Lately, recent studies demonstrate that polyphenols, beneficial compounds found in plants, may play a role in inducing autophagy. Polyphenols stimulate various pathways, which can lead to autophagy and a longer lifespan.[3] For example, resveratrol is a common autophagy inducer found in grape skins and nuts. Other polyphenols include quercetin, green tea catechins, and curcumin. The following foods contain polyphenols that promote autophagy:
Green tea
Grape skin (red wine)
Nuts
Onions
Apples
Berries
Turmeric
Soybeans
Milk thistle
A summary of what we know about autophagy:
Autophagy is a form of cellular housekeeping in which misfolded proteins, damaged organelles, and pathogens are degraded and removed from cells.
Autophagy plays a critical role in many areas of health, and like many physiological processes in the body, autophagy declines with age.
Calorie restriction, fasting, and exercise are all potent inducers of autophagy.
Polyphenols, beneficial compounds found in plants, may also play a role in inducing autophagy.
Only a handful of studies measuring fasting and autophagy exist in humans. More research is needed to fully understand the benefits and implications of autophagy. Thanks https://my.clevelandclinic.org/,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/,https://www.frontiersin.org/
Little is known about how social behavior develops in the earliest stages of life. But most animals––including humans––are born with an innate ability to interact socially or form bonds with others. And that contributes to success throughout life.
Now, a new animal study points to a gene that is important for the earliest development of basic social behaviors.
The work also suggests that exposure to certain drugs and environmental risk factors during embryonic development can cause changes to this gene, leading to alterations in social behavior that are similar to those found in individuals who have autism. Much to their surprise, the researchers also found they could reverse some of the effects using an experimental drug. http://sciencemission.com/site/index.php?page=news...
An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an injury caused by taking medication.ADRs may occur following a single dose or prolonged administration of a drug or result from the combination of two or more drugs. The meaning of this term differs from the term "side effect" because side effects can be beneficial as well as detrimental. The study of ADRs is the concern of the field known as pharmacovigilance. An adverse drug event (ADE) refers to any injury occurring at the time a drug is used, whether or not it is identified as a cause of the injury. An ADR is a special type of ADE in which a causative relationship can be shown. ADRs are only one type of medication-related harm, as harm can also be caused by omitting to take indicated medications.
What are the signs and symptoms of an adverse drug reaction?
Mild symptoms include red, itchy, flaky, or swollen skin. You may have a flat, red area on your skin that is covered with small bumps. You may also have hives.
Severe symptoms include skin that blisters or peels, vision problems, and severe swelling or itching. Severe reactions include conditions such as toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Ask your healthcare provider for more information on TEN and other serious conditions.
Anaphylaxis symptoms include throat tightness, trouble breathing, tingling, dizziness, and wheezing. Anaphylaxis is a sudden, life-threatening reaction that needs immediate treatment. Anaphylaxis may occur if you exercise after exposure to another trigger, such as after you take an antibiotic.
How is an adverse drug reaction diagnosed?
Your healthcare provider will ask about your medical history and allergies. You may need additional testing if you developed anaphylaxis after you were exposed to a trigger and then exercised. This is called exercise-induced anaphylaxis. Medicines can be a trigger. You may also need any of the following:
A patch test means a small amount of the drug is put on your skin. The area is covered with a patch that stays on for 2 days. Then your healthcare provider will check your skin for a reaction.
A skin prick test means a small drop of the drug is put on your forearm and your skin is pricked with a needle. Your healthcare provider will watch for a reaction.
An intradermal test means a small amount of liquid containing the drug is put under the surface of your skin. Your healthcare provider will watch for a reaction.
A drug provocation test is also known as a challenge test. Your healthcare provider gives you increasing doses of the drug and watches for a reaction.
How is an adverse drug reaction treated?
Modification of dosage
Discontinuation of drug if necessary
Switching to a different drug
For dose-related adverse drug reactions, modifying the dose or eliminating or reducing precipitating factors may suffice. Increasing the rate of drug elimination is rarely necessary. For allergic and idiosyncratic ADRs, the drug usually should be discontinued and not tried again. Switching to a different drug class is often required for allergic ADRs and sometimes required for dose-related ADRs.
Antihistamines decrease mild symptoms such as itching or a rash.
Epinephrine is medicine used to treat severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis.
Steroids reduce inflammation.
Desensitization may be done after you have a reaction, if you need to be treated with the drug again. Your healthcare provider will give you small doses of the drug over a few hours. He will treat any allergic reaction that you have. The dose is increased a little at a time until the full dose is reached and the drug stops causing an allergic reaction.
For every person on earth, more than 1 m3 of concrete is produced every year. This hunger for concrete has far-reaching consequences, as typically 100 kg of CO2 is emitted into the atmosphere for the production of one ton of concrete. This is mainly caused by the use of cement which constitutes concrete, together with water, aggregate (gravel, sand) and possibly steel reinforcement bars. This is not a bad figure compared to other common construction materials, such as masonry, steel or aluminum. Moreover, concrete, during its life, slowly absorbs CO2 in the process of carbonation, by which Ca(OH)2 in the concrete is converted into CaCO3. Nevertheless, the amount of concrete that is produced still makes it a significant source of anthropogenic CO2 emissions.
It is therefore no surprise that several strategies have been devised to make concrete more sustainable. The most straightforward method is to (partially) replace cement by greener alternatives, such as blast furnace slag or fly ash, which are by-products of the iron and coal industries, respectively. Another complementary solution is to increase the lifetime of concrete, thus reducing the need for replacement materials. Currently, this is achieved by inspecting and repairing the structure periodically, but this is expensive and time-consuming. Moreover, degradation of concrete usually begins with microcracks that are hardly visible to the naked eye, if at all.
Figure 1
Now a day, biologically modifications of construction materials become more popular for strength improvement and long-term sustainability. An investigation has been conducted to study the compressive strength of concrete by using two different bacteria named Bacillus Cereus and Bacillus Subtilis with three different concentration (viz. 103, 105, 107 cells/ml) of each bacterium. It has been found that there was an increase in compressive strength at both 7 days and 28 days. It was noticed that the optimum concentration was different for different bacteria. The optimum concentration of Bacillus Subtilis and Bacillus Cereus were found as 105 cells/ml and 103 cells/ml respectively. Moreover, more compressive strength was obtained by addition of Bacillus Subtilis at optimum concentration compared to the samples made with all three concentrations of Bacillus Cereus both at 7 and 28 days.
Cracks in concrete are inevitable and are one of the inherent weaknesses of concrete. Water and other salts seep through these cracks, corrosion initiates, and thus reduces the life of concrete. So there was a need to develop an inherent biomaterial, a self-repairing material which can remediate the cracks and fissures in concrete. Bacterial concrete is a material, which can successfully remediate cracks in concrete.
This technique is highly desirable because the mineral precipitation induced as a result of microbial activities is pollution free and natural. As the cell wall of bacteria is anionic, metal accumulation (calcite) on the surface of the wall is substantial, thus the entire cell becomes crystalline and they eventually plug the pores and cracks in concrete. This paper discusses the plugging of artificially cracked cement mortar using Bacillus Pasteurii and Sporosarcina bacteria combined with sand as a filling material in artificially made cuts in cement mortar which was cured in urea and CaCl2 medium.
“Prebiotic chemistry” can be understood to mean various things: chemistry which occurred before life began or the chemistry which led to life on Earth, and possibly on other planets. Workers in the field practically define it as naturally occurring, mainly organic, chemistry in planetary or other solar system environments, which may have contributed to the origin of life on Earth, or elsewhere. The terms “abiotic chemistry” (chemistry which takes place in the absence of biology) and “prebiotic chemistry” are in some senses synonymous. Since it is generally assumed that the universe is not goal directed, and since it is not known what processes led to the origin of life, the study of prebiotic chemistry almost certainly includes both productive and nonproductive chemical processes. This review places this chemistry in a historical and cosmic context and details some of the known reactions thought to be important. However, the interested reader is referred to more technical texts (Miller and Orgel 1974; Cleaves 2008; Cleaves and Lazcano 2009) and references therein. How life on Earth began remains an unexplained scientific problem. This problem is nuanced in its practical details and the way attempted explanations feedback with questions and developments in other areas of science, including astronomy, biology, and planetary science. Prebiotic chemistry attempts to address this issue theoretically, experimentally, and observationally. The ease of formation of bioorganic compounds under plausible prebiotic conditions suggests that these molecules were present in the primitive terrestrial environment. In addition to synthesis in the Earth's primordial atmosphere and oceans, it is likely that the in fill of comets, meteorites, and interplanetary dust particles, as well as submarine hydrothermal vent synthesis, may have contributed to prebiotic organic evolution. The primordial organic soup may have been quite complex, but it did not likely include all of the compounds found in modern organisms. Regardless of their origin, organic compounds would need to be concentrated and complexified by environmental mechanisms. "Scientists from Japan and the U.S. have confirmed the presence in meteorites of a key organic molecule which may have been used to build other organic molecules, including some used by life. The discovery validates theories of the formation of organic compounds in extraterrestrial environments.
The chemistry of life runs on organic compounds, molecules containing carbon and hydrogen, which also may include oxygen, nitrogen and other elements. While commonly associated with life, organic molecules also can be created by non-biological processes and are not necessarily indicators of life. An enduring mystery regarding the origin of life is how biology could have arisen from non-biological chemical processes, called prebiotic chemistry. Organic molecules from meteorites are one of the sources of organic compounds that lead to the formation of life on Earth."
"An international team of researchers has detected a poly heterocyclic organic molecule called hexamethylenetetramine in three carbonaceous meteorites: Murchison, Murray, and Tagish Lake. The presence of this molecule in carbon-rich meteorites promises its pivotal role to carry interstellar prebiotic precursors to the inner Solar System, which should contribute to the chemical evolution in the primordial stage on Earth.
Presence of organic molecules in extraterrestrial environments has been widely accepted thanks to recent successes in the detection of cometary molecules toward comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, as well as long-standing astronomical observations and analyses of carbonaceous meteorites in laboratories.
However, despite extensive studies on the formation of organic molecules in various extraterrestrial environments such as molecular clouds, protosolar nebula and asteroids, it still remains under debate when, where, and how such extraterrestrial molecules were formed."
Thanks
Robert Stonjek,
https://evolution-outreach.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12052-012-0443-9
Homosexual Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (HOCD) is marked by excessive fear of becoming or being homosexual. The subjects often experience intrusive, unwanted mental images of homosexual behaviour. The excessive uncontrolled thoughts/doubts are very distressing and lead to compulsions in form of checking.
The approach to homosexual OCD will always depend on the particular needs of each patient. In more serious cases, itwill be necessary to combine the pharmacological approach ( fluoxetine ) with the psychotherapeutic. Thus, the most common and effective approach in these cases is the following:
Exposure prevention and response technique . This strategy starts from cognitive-behavioral therapy. It consists of deliberately exposing the person to those ideas that he himself feeds and that intensify his anxiety. The intention is to make you rationalize each idea, image and sensation by reducing the emotional and cognitive component to make it healthier, more integrated. This strategy is the most suitable for impulse control, obsessions, addictions, etc.
To conclude, point out that it is important to receive specialized help in this type of situation based on obsessive compulsive thoughts and behaviors. They are conditions that completely alter the functionality of the person and that, in addition, tend to intensify over time until they lead to more problems, more psychological comorbidities.
Are my emotional failures due to the fact that I am actually homosexual? These types of thoughts, when they become recurrent and limiting, define a very specific type of disorder.
Homosexual OCD defines a situation in which a person experiences constant doubts about their sexual orientation . That insecurity and that persistent doubt becomes an obsession capable of altering the relational, personal and work environment.
The mind is filled with intrusive ideas and images that further fuel doubt, to the point of leading to compulsive behaviors to alleviate that anxiety.
This condition, as peculiar as it may seem, can occur in more cases than we think. It begins between the ages of 18 and 20 and can completely condition the life of those who suffer from it . He does this to the extreme, for example, of avoiding certain situations such as going to the gym or feeling excessive discomfort with people of the same sex at work.
Now, let's clarify. This condition refers to those men and women who, being heterosexual, suddenly fear being homosexual. However, this does not demonstrate any homophobic behavior. We speak of a psychological condition defined by an irrational fear, there are therefore no variables referring to social prejudices .
The person suffering from an anxiety disorder will not see his life limited only by having problems with attention, memory and concentration. This psychological condition impacts at all levels: mind, body, emotions, quality of life, relationships ... It is a state that distorts everything and that makes us lose control of reality.
We know that anxiety and concentration problems are related, therefore to improve this situation the key must necessarily be to treat the original trigger. The most appropriate thing is to consult a specialized professional . The origin of this disorder is often in lifestyle, lack of coping strategies, or even unresolved trauma .
Gender is a significant determining factor in mental health and in how it is managed by healthcare services, according to recent studies conducted by this group and based on health questionnaires completed in the Basque Autonomous Community (2018) and in Spain (2017), and on the Spanish sample corresponding to the European Health Survey (2014). What stands out in the analysis of these three databases is the higher prevalence of poor mental health among women of all ages and across all social groups; in addition, there is a multiplier effect due to the accumulation of experiences of inequality. This reality also appears to be unequal in terms of the age and socioeconomic level of the patients.
Each person is a world and each mind needs particular strategies. However, on average, the following keys can help us:
Detect irrational and non-functional thoughts, especially those that fuel discomfort.
Rationalize emotions and leave space for them without blocking them. It's about understanding what they want to say, understanding their message to handle it much better.
Practice deep breathing and relaxation techniques .
Get some exercise on a day-to-day basis.
Establish routines and leave spaces for leisure and mental rest.
Accept that you cannot have control of everything that surrounds you and begin to assume that life is also made of uncertainties.
To conclude, these strategies will not pay off in a day or a week. We need time to re-educate the brain, to change the pattern of thoughts and the pressure of emotions. However, change and improvement is always possible. With commitment and psychological therapy, advances always come.
All phobia, whatever it may be, has its origin in anxiety. In this condition, irrational fears, distorted thoughts, uncontrolled emotions and behaviors that escape one's own control intermingle. Therefore, if the person with ailurophobia sees their daily life limited by this type of fear, it is advisable to seek specialized help.
The coping strategy usually starts from the following techniques:
The exposure therapy . In this case, it would imply bringing the person closer to those anxious stimuli (cats), to mediate cognitive and emotional reactions.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy is the most suitable to enable the person in the proper management of phobias. Thanks to it, we can detect maladaptive thoughts, regulate emotions and incorporate more adjusted behaviors.
Relaxation and breathing techniques are very suitable in these situations as well.
To conclude, although this phobia is not as common as the fear of dogs, it can also be very exhausting. After all, cats are those common tenants in many homes and on many of our streets. Treating this psychological condition will allow us to live much better.
The fear of cats is not as common as the phobia of dogs, but in certain cases, it can be very limiting. Let's know the characteristics and possible associated causes.
Mysterious, intelligent, vigilant, agile and always wrapped in that eternal aura between elegance and enigma. Felines have been the protagonists of legends and even terrifying tales, such as the now classic story by Edgar Allan Poe, The Black Cat . Be that as it may, the fear of cats is for some something justified and real, a very limiting type of phobia in a world that generally adores these creatures.
To speak of phobias is to enter a world that is as ordinary as it is singular at the same time . We are facing one of the most common psychiatric disorders, because who more and who less has their own irrational fear, that which may or may not hinder the performance of their daily life. Now, if there is one aspect that defines this condition, it is the clear difficulty in finding the origin of these fears.
In 1914, the American psychologist G. Stanley Hall published his now famous genetic study of fear in the American Journal of Psychology. In it, he identified 136 phobias, a list that is much more extensive today. For his part, the benchmark for the study of ailurophobia or fear of cats was the American neurologist Silas Weir Mitchell , who in 1902 began to collect as much information as possible to better understand this type of phobia.
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