Strong Evidence Ancient Aliens Planned Humanity

By Strange Mysteries

Was earth visited in the past by Ancient Aliens flying UFOs around and telling there where to build their cities….perhaps hoping that one day in the future we would put together the clues?

An uncanny and what seems to be a planned alignment of a multitude of ancient archaeological sites around Earth strongly points towards humans of the past being guided globally and over many millennia by some sort of higher intelligence. Personally, my mind was absolutely blown once I manually connected all the sites on Google Earth myself, which is exactly what I’m about to do for you. At the end of the video, I expect your mind to be blown just as mine was. I also encourage you to try this out for yourself in Google Earth and replicate my results.
Before we begin, please forgive me for butchering some of these names.

Nearly all of these sites are considered what is known as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, sites that are of extreme special cultural or physical significance.

1) Easter Island:

We’re going to start off with Easter Island, which is home to the mysterious Moai statues which were created around 800 years ago for reasons that still remain unknown. A total of 887 monolithic stone Moai statues have been counted.

2) Nazca Lines:
The Nazca Lines are mysterious giant glyphs carved into the ground in the Nazca Desert of Peru. They were thought to be built around 1600 years ago – no one knows why they are there as they can only be seen from the sky…why would anyone do that when flight hadn’t been invented yet?

3) Machu Picchu:
Machu Piccu was built around 600 years ago at the height of the Incan Empire and allegedly as a means to honor a “sacred landscape.” If you havn’t heard of it before, it’s a city literally built on top of a mountain by hand….with rocks sometimes weighing as much as 40 tons.

4) Tassili n’Ajjer
Tassili n’Ajjer is a range of mountains in Algeria in the Sahara Desert. It contains some 15,000 ancient cave drawings some of which are up to 10,000 years old. Some of the carvings are a bit strange as well.

5) Persepolis
Persepolis is the ancient capital of Persia. It was built around 2500 years ago.

6) Khajuraho Group of Monuments
The Khajuraho Group of Monuments are 85 special temples to honor Hindu gods built around 1000 years ago. They were allegedly built in this area as it is an area where quote “the gods love to play” according to local legend. The temples are dedicated to various Hindu gods such as Shiva, Vishnu, Ganesha, and Jain Tithanks.

7) The Oasis at Siwa
The Oasis at Siwa is estimated to be around 4,600 years old..and many believe it could be much older. It is famous for being the home of the Oracle of Amun. Amun was an Egyptian Diety. Alexander the Great believed that his divinity was a result of his visit to this oracle.

8) The Pyramids of Giza
I’m sure you’ve heard of the Pyramids of Giza before. They were estimated to have been constructed around 4,600 years ago.

9) Mohenjo Daro
Mohenjo Daro was built in around 4600 years ago. It is part of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. The name literally translates to the Mound of the Dead. It is thought to be one of the world’s earliest major urban settlements.

10) Angkor Wat
Angkor Wat was built around 1000 years ago and was dedicated to the god Vishnu. According to a 13th Century Chinese traveler, it was allegedly believed that the temple was contructed in only one night by an architect of divine power.
Now let’s complete our journey by connecting the final destination to our original one, Easter Island.

Once we zoom out….do you see a pattern? ALL of these sites line up on the same line around the Earth. The line is, except for a few very minor deviations that may be due to the Earth slightly shifting over the many millenia these sites were constructed as well as perhaps partial user error on my part mapping these out…..perfect. It almost looks like an equator. The probability of this occuring by chance is basically zero.

Why do all these ancient and quite important sites line up on the same line on Earth? Was someone guiding the construction of all these ancient sites? Why are so many if not all of the sites related to something divine….and what was that divinity?

In order to orchestrate such a thing, these civilizations would have somehow had to have made contact with each other across the space of the entire planet as well as over the course of several millenia in addition to being able to basically see the Earth from space in order to create such an uncanny alignment.

$250 million, 300 scientists and 40 labs: Sean Parker’s revolutionary project to ‘solve’ cancer

Billionaire Sean Parker, famous for his founding roles at Napster and Facebook, is backing an unconventional $250 million effort to attack cancer that involves persuading hundreds of the country’s top scientists — who often are in competition with each other — to join forces and unify their research targets.

The consortium, which will be formally announced Wednesday, focuses on immunotherapy, a relatively new area of research that seeks to mobilize the body’s own defense systems to fight mutant cancer cells. Many believe it represents the future of cancer therapy.

More than 300 scientists working at 40 labs in six institutions — Stanford, the University of California, San Francisco, and University of California, Los Angeles, the University of Pennsylvania, MD Anderson Cancer Center and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center — have already signed on.

“Cancer immunotherapy is such an incredibly complex field, and for every answer it seems to pose 10 more questions. I’m an entrepreneur so I wish some of these questions had been answered yesterday,” Parker said.

He describes the effort as a way to remove obstacles related to bureaucracy and personality that will allow scientists to borrow from each other’s labs unencumbered. The researchers will continue to be based at their home institutions but will receive additional funding and access to other resources, including specialized data scientists and genetic engineering equipment set to become part of the nonprofit Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy in San Francisco.

A centralized scientific steering committee comprised of one member from each participating university will set the group’s research agenda and coordinate data collection and clinical trials across the many sites.

In designing this new model, the 36-year-old Parker has taken a page from his experience as an entrepreneur by thinking beyond early research to actual therapies that he believes could eventually benefit millions of people in the United States and abroad.

One of his central innovations — and the one that initially made some university partners uncomfortable — is that the institute will take the lead in licensing and negotiating with industry to bring any therapies to market. The researchers and academic centers will still continue to own the intellectual property.

“This allows us to run a much more competitive negotiation with industry. We would become a kind of one-stop shop for the technology,” he said.

The new institute will be led by Jeff Bluestone, the respected former University of California, San Francisco, provost and immunologist who is one of 28 members of a blue-ribbon experts panel recently named by Vice President Biden to advise the government’s $1 billion “moonshot” initiative to cure cancer.

Bluestone thinks collaboration changes the ambitions of everyone in the field. "Having lived in a world of individualized, solo research, I can see that the thinking is different," he said. "It's about how we can all do something bigger and better together."

Other scientists involved include immunotherapy pioneers Carl June at the University of Pennsylvania and James Allison at MD Anderson, who was awarded the prestigious Lasker Prize in 2015 for his discovery of a drug that uses the body’s T cells to destroy cancer.

“I have no doubt the team science approach will accelerate the work,” June said.

The effort also includes partnerships with several patient advocacy groups as well as 30 private companies, from established giants like Merck and Genentech to start-ups like Silicon Valley’s Grail. The latter, only a few months old, is working to create tests that can detect cancer at its earliest stages.

Parker’s gift is part of a revolution in the life sciences led by tech visionaries like Paul Allen, Peter Thiel, Mark Zuckerberg and Sergey Brin, who are using their considerable wealth to back approaches that go against established norms. Several have publicly expressed their disdain for the system that currently supports scientific discovery and have established parallel research tracks in some areas more in line with their ideas about innovation.

The last time a private group launched anything this ambitious for a specific disease was when Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates and his wife Melinda decided to tackle malaria.

While the Gates Foundation has received much praise for saving lives through its work, philanthropy on this scale isn’t without critics. Researchers worry about the pitfalls of “group-think,” and several years ago the World Health Organization’s head of malaria research accused the foundation of being a “cartel” that suppressed the diversity of scientific opinion.

Parker said that while he recognizes these concerns, the consortium is set up to give researchers the freedom of innovation in concert with collaboration. He said he sought wide input while developing the framework and met several times with Biden as well as Francis Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health. NIH funds the bulk of biomedical science research in the country.

“Sean is a force to reckon with,” said Collins, who sees the new effort as complementary to NIH’s approach. “But even Sean would tell you this is just part of the solution.”

[Bloomberg, others give Hopkins $125 million for cancer research that helped Jimmy Carter]

Parker explained in an interview that he first began thinking about immunotherapy in cancer more than seven years ago, when it was still considered somewhat of a fringe science.

Finding an immunotherapy treatment for cancer should be what he calls a “hackable problem,” he decided as he began traveling around the country informally meeting with leading scientists to throw around ideas about how he could help.

Yet it wasn’t until about three years ago that the current project began to take shape following the death of acclaimed film producer Laura Ziskin, a friend who died of breast cancer. “She had this incredible tenacity in terms of the problem,” he recalled, “and became an important person in my life in terms of my thinking.”

Immunotherapy is now considered among the most exciting areas of cancer research, with a growing number of cases of patients all but cured by the “miracle cells” being used as experimental drugs.

An estimated 1,500 treatments are currently in development, but getting into a clinical trial can be brutally selective and the drugs themselves can run upwards of $100,000. Moreover, even the drugs that work appear to only do so on a select group of patients. With other patients with the same condition, they are ineffective or prove so toxic that they end up making patients worse — and scientists have not been able to figure out why.

Given the nearly 1.7 million Americans diagnosed with cancer each year, plus the 600,000 who die of the disease, Parker said it’s time to accelerate research to find the answers. Unlike some philanthropists who do the legwork to set up research institutes in their name only to step back and let others run them, Parker said he would continue to play a central role in his new endeavor.

http://www.usatoday.com/…/billionaire-announces-2…/82821198/

https://www.washingtonpost.com/…/250-million-300-scientist…/

http://techcrunch.com/…/sean-parker-is-on-a-mission-to-sol…/

http://www.reuters.com/…/us-health-cancer-parker-idUSKCN0XA…

அந்தக் காலம் நன்றாக இருந்தது !!!

பேருந்துக்குள் கொணர்ந்து
மாலைமுரசு விற்பார்கள்.
எந்த நிறுத்தத்தில் ஏறினாலும்
அமர இடங்கிடைக்கும்.!!

மிதிவண்டி வைத்திருந்தோம்.
நான் பஞ்சர் ஒட்டப் பழகியிருந்தேன்.!!!

வானொலி நாடகங்களை
ரசித்துக் கேட்டோம்.
சாவி இதயம் பேசுகிறது
பத்திரிகைகள் வந்தன.

எல்லாருமே அரசுப் பள்ளிகளில்
படித்தோம்.சாலையில்
எப்போதாவது ஒரு வண்டி போகும்.!!!

மழை
நின்று நிதானமாகப் பொழியும்.
சாராயக் கடைகள் இருந்தன
இன்றைய கூட்டம் அக்கடைகளில் இருந்ததேயில்லை.!!!

தமிழாசிரியர்கள்
தந்நிகரற்று விளங்கினார்கள்.
நல்ல நூல்களுக்கு
அன்னம் பதிப்பகம்தான்.!!!

வேலைக்குப் போகாதவன்
எந்தக் குடும்பத்திற்கும் பாரமாயில்லை.!!

எளிதில்
மணப்பெண் கிடைத்தாள்.
வெஸ்ட் இண்டீசை
வெல்லவே முடியாது.!!!

சந்தைக்குப் போக
பத்து ரூபாய் போதும்.
முடிவெட்ட இரண்டு ரூபாய்தான்.
நகரத்தின் எல்லாக் கடைகளிலும்
மிரட்சியின்றி நுழைய முடியும்.!!!

யுவதிகள் பாவாடை தாவணி உடுத்தினர்.
சிலிண்டர் மூடுதுணிபோல்
யாரும் நைட்டி அணியவில்லை.
ராமராஜனை
விரும்பி ரசித்தோம்.!!!

அதிகாலைகள்
பறவைக் கீச்சுகளால் நிரம்பியிருந்தன.
புதுத்துணிகளை
விஷேசங்களுக்கு என்று
உடுத்தாமல் வைத்திருந்தோம்.!!!

ஊசல் சுவர்க்கடிகாரத்திற்கு
சாவி கொடுத்தோம்.!!
தானாய்த் துயில்களைந்து எழுந்தோம்.
இருள்கட்டியவுடன் உறங்கச் சென்றோம்.!!!

ஆம்
அந்தக் காலம் நன்றாக இருந்தது !!!

Movies embraced Hinduism (without you even noticing)

Interstellar’s box office total is $622,932,412 and counting. It is the eighth highest-grossing film of the year and has spawned an endless raft of thinkpieces testing the validity of its science and applauding the innovation of its philosophy. But it is not so new. The idea that propels the plot – there is a universal super-consciousness that transcends time and space, and in which all human life is connected – has been around for about 3,000 years. It is Vedic.

When the film’s astronaut hero (Matthew McConaughey), declares that the mysterious and all-knowing “they” who created a wormhole near Saturn through which he travels to save mankind – dissolving his sense of material reality in the process – are in fact “us”, he is simply repeating the central notion of the Upanishads, India’s oldest philosophical texts. These hold that individual human minds are merely brief reflections within a cosmic one.

McConaughey’s character doesn’t just talk the talk. He walks the walk. So, the multidimensional tesseract – that endlessly reflective prism he finds himself in as he comes to this realisation, and in which he views life from every perspective – is the film’s expression of Indra’s net, the Hindu metaphor which depicts the universe as an eternal web of existence spun by the king of the gods, each of its intersections adorned with an infinitely sided jewel, every one continually reflecting the others.Of course, Hollywood’s eager embrace of Buddhism, yoga and other esoteric Indian systems is not new. David Lynch is an outspoken exponent of transcendental meditation, Richard Gere follows the Dalai Lama and Julia Robertsaffirmed her Hinduism in the wake of Eat, Pray, Love – a movie that tells the tale of a modern American woman’s journey towards peace through Indian spiritual practises that grossed over $200m (£128.6m). Hinduism can get the tills ringing even when it urges parsimony.

Nolan has long been a devout subscriber to the cause. A director famed for being able to get a multimillion dollar project off the ground with only his own name as collateral, he clearly knows the value of pre-existing brands such as Hinduism. His breakthrough hit, Memento, had Guy Pearce as an amnesiac whose unreliable consciousness is the faulty lens through which we see the story of a murder, told both in chronological and reverse order. This notion of distrusting individual reality and looking beyond it for truth was extended in Nolan’s Inception, in which Leonardo DiCaprio leads a team of “psychonauts” on a heist deep within the recesses of a billionaire’s mind – a spiralling adventure of dreams within dreams in which the laws of nature increasingly bend and warp – before finding its purest expression in Interstellar.

“Look at the first Matrix movie,” says producer Peter Rader. “It’s a yogic movie. It says that this world is an illusion. It’s about maya – that if we can cut through the illusions and connect with something larger we can do all sorts of things. Neo achieves the abilities of the advanced yogis [Paramahansa] Yogananda described, who can defy the laws of normal reality.”

Rader’s latest movie, a documentary about Yogananda, who was among the first gurus to bring Indian mysticism to North America in the 1920s, has been a sleeper hit in the US. The film documents how influential Hindu philosophy is in American culture, with contributions from the likes of the yoga-devoted hip-hop mogul Russell Simmons. “There’s a big pent-up demand,” thinks Rader. “There are a lot of closet spiritualists who are meditating, doing yoga, reading books and thinking about a bigger reality. And now they can come out and say, ‘Yes, I’m into this.’ Steve Jobs read Yogananda’s book once a year. He bequeathed a copy of it to everyone who attended his memorial. It helped inspire him to develop products like the iPad.”

But before Nolan, before the Matrix, before, even, the iPad, there was Star Wars. It was the film, with its cosmic scale and theme of a transcendental “force” that confers superhuman powers on those who can align with it, which opened up mainstream American culture to Indian esotericism more than anything else. George Lucas was influenced by the mythologist Joseph Campbell, whose work A Hero With a Thousand Faces traced the narrative arc common to all mythic heroes that Luke Skywalker would embark upon. Campbell himself lived by his Upanishadic mantra “follow your bliss”, which he derived from the Sanskrit termsat-chit-ananda.

“The word sat means being,” said Campbell. “Chit means consciousness. Anandameans bliss or rapture. I thought, ‘I don’t know whether my consciousness is proper consciousness or not. I don’t know whether what I know of my being is my proper being or not, but I do know where my rapture is. So let me hang on to rapture, and that will bring me both my consciousness and my being’.” His mantra was the paradigm for Skywalker’s own realisation of the force, the sense of peace, purpose and power gained once he allowed himself to accept and unify with it. “If you follow your bliss,” thought Campbell, “you put yourself on a kind of track that has been there all the while, waiting for you, and the life that you ought to be living is the one you are living.”

“Spirituality is the open-secret,” says Rader. “A lot of people know that if we quieten down we can tap into a deeper power. And the movies that tap into that, like Star Wars and Interstellar, are hugely popular. Audiences know what the film is telling them, they have a sense that this story is working on a deeper level. It’s telling them that there’s more to life than just the ordinary. That there’s something much bigger, and they’re a part of it.”

A philosophy to which many are keen to subscribe is what makes religions successful. Movies, too.

Any mistake is a wonderful revenue for you.Alibaba Group/CEO Daniel Zhang

Jack Ma or Ma Yun(Chinese: 马云; born September 10, 1964) is a Chinese business magnate and philanthropist. He is the founder and executive chairman of Alibaba Group, a family of successful Internet-based businesses. He is the first mainland Chinese entrepreneur to appear on the cover of Forbes.
Jack Ma has emerged as the symbol of China's rise to number one in Internet and mobile phone users. His e-commerce firm, Alibaba Group, whose IPO in New York in 2014 set a record as the world's biggest public stock offering, has made a swath of deals, investing in movies like "Mission Impossible - Rogue Nation," creating a sports division with Chinese partners and forming an online portal with U.S. department store Macy's. In contrast, amid allegations that it was selling counterfeit goods, Alibaba Group's stock price declined throughout most of 2015 and fell below its IPO price in September 2015, a drop of 50% from its November 2014 peak. Alibaba said in a September 2015 statement that "The sale of knock-off goods by third-party merchants is a risk that all operators of third-party transaction platforms globally face, including eBay and Amazon."

1. He Values Attitude

When Jack Ma talks about the biggest mistake he ever made he describes how when he founded Alibaba he told his team that the highest level they could achieve would be that of managers, and that executives should be hired from the outside. Ma has learned his lesson and now stresses the importance of attitude and passion over theoretical skills.

2. He Unites People under a Single Goal

Ma understands that no matter how hard you try you will never be able to convince every single employee, business partner, and potential investor to trust you or believe what you say. Accepting that and changing your approach is another key to his massive success. Rather than uniting his company under the vision of one person, he unites them under a common goal. The vision is more important than the leader.

3. He has Foresight

Jack Ma believes that a good leader should have foresight. He should try to stay one step ahead of the competition and anticipate how decisions will play out ahead of other people. Taking time to develop creative thinking skills and following informed intuition is a hallmark of any great business leader.

4. He Hires People with Superior Skills

When asked what separates a leader from an employee Ma has gone on record saying “Your employee should have superior technical skills than you. If he doesn’t, it means you have hired the wrong person.” Focusing on the skills of employees and hiring people with the know how to carry out your vision is an important pillar of any great company.

5. He is Tenacious

In addition to foresight Ma says leaders should be tenacious and have a clear vision. Knowing what you want to achieve and having the drive to chase it down will not only put you on the path to success, it will inspire those around you to work hard for that common goal. Taking pride in your work and not taking no for an answer are keys to Ma’s business philosophy.

6. He Defines Failure as Giving Up

According to Ma, “giving up is the greatest failure.” If you go out, try your best and fail to achieve your goal but see it through to the end you are a success.  Like all great leaders, Ma recognizes that a person is able to learn the most from obstacles and hardships. They key to success is persevering and learning from your mistakes.

7. He Loves Life

“I always tell myself that we are born here not to work, but to enjoy life. We are here to make things better for one another, and not to work. If you are spending your whole life working, you will certainly regret it.” This sentiment lies at the heart of Jack Ma’s lifestyle. Life is for experiencing the world and helping out other people. If money is your goal, you have to change your mindset.

8. He Doesn’t Make Enemies

One the most unique aspects of Jack Ma’s business philosophy is the idea of friendly competition. Ma does not see his competitors as his enemies, rather they are friends whom he can learn from and who challenge him to achieve his full potential.

It is clear that Jack Ma’s philosophy is built for success in a rapidly developing world. We can all learn a thing or two from this self-made billionaire.

What an Anti-Memory Is and How It Frees Your Mind

by LAURIE VAZQUEZ

• 
  

Neuroscientists at Oxford just discovered how your brain moves memories into long-term storage. It’s called an anti-memory, and it’s more helpful than it sounds.

Memories, at their most basic, are electrical impulses. But what happens if those impulses are always firing? Would they overload your brain the same way that running too many programs on your computer would fry its RAM? The answer is yes. Scientists think that these overly excited neurons could be the culprits behind conditions like epilepsy, schizophrenia, and autism. The balancing agent that keeps that from happening are anti-memories.

Think of them as defragging a memory’s RAM. Anti-memories are neurons that lower the electrical activity generated by memory creation. Anti-memories work together with memories to keep the brain from getting overloaded. They don’t affect memories; they just silence the process running them so your brain can do other things.

When you form a memory, your brain assembles it from different parts of your brain, rebuilding it each time from scratch. There are three steps to building a memory -- encoding it (intentionally committing it to memory), consolidating it (different parts of the brain acting gluing the memory together) and retrieving it (recalling the memory). Every time you retrieve a memory, you increase your brain’s ability to recall it by strengthening the neural pathway to that memory. That makes the memory stronger and easier to recall in the long run. Here’s a quick primer:

Credit: Head Squeeze, Brit Lab/YouTube

Anti-memories work in the same way, just in reverse. Scientists had long theorized their existence from models and studies on mice. Neurologists at the University of Oxford were finally able to observe them in humans with this experiment, whose findings were published in the journal Neuron. Lead author Helen Barron explains the process in a press release:

To measure these links, or associative memories, we use a technique called repetition suppression where repeated exposure to a stimulus – the shapes in this case – causes decreasing activity in the area of the brain that represents shapes. By looking at these suppression effects across different stimuli we can use this approach to identify where memories are stored.

The memory paths identified in the study. Credit: Neuron

The researchers were able to do this by observing participants’ brain activity as they memorized the shapes using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Over time, the anti-memory neurons kicked in and blocked the memories of the shapes. “Over 24 hours, the shape associations in the brain became silent,” said Barron. Most interestingly, they didn’t look like additional memories; they looked like an absence of brain activity. They're not - they're just active on the same neural path. Think of it as someone retracing their steps, like this:

via GIPHY

"The Shining" via GIPHY

Barron explains:

That could have been because the brain was rebalanced or it could simply be that the associations were forgotten. The following day, some of the volunteers undertook additional tests to confirm that the silencing was a consequence of rebalancing. If the memories were present but silenced by inhibitory replicas, we thought that it should be possible to re-express the memories by suppressing inhibitory activity.

In order to re-express the memories, researchers used transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to apply a low current of electricity to the volunteers’ brains. By doing this, the researchers reduced the activity of the anti-memory neurons -- and the memories of the shape associations came back.

"This result is consistent with a balancing mechanism,” Barron says. “The increase in excitation seen in learning and memory formation, when excitatory connections are strengthened, appears to be balanced out by a strengthening of inhibitory connections."

While the sample size for this study was small, the research team has big hopes for their findings. "The paradigm has the potential to be translated directly into patient populations, including those suffering from schizophrenia and autism," said Barron. "We hope that this research can now be taken forward in collaboration with psychiatrists and patient populations so that we can develop and apply this new understanding to the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders."

So do we. 

thanks
http://bigthink.com/

Temporal Frequency Tuning Reveals Interactions between the Dorsal and Ventral Visual Streams.

Abstract:

 Visual processing of complex objects is supported by the ventral visual pathway in the service of object identification and by the dorsal visual pathway in the service of object-directed reaching and grasping. Here, we address how these two streams interact during tool processing, by exploiting the known asymmetry in projections of subcortical magnocellular and parvocellular inputs to the dorsal and ventral streams.

The ventral visual pathway receives both parvocellular and magnocellular input, whereas the dorsal visual pathway receives largely magnocellular input. We used fMRI to measure tool preferences in parietal cortex when the images were presented at either high or low temporal frequencies, exploiting the fact that parvocellular channels project principally to the ventral but not dorsal visual pathway.

We reason that regions of parietal cortex that exhibit tool preferences for stimuli presented at frequencies characteristic of the parvocellular pathway receive their inputs from the ventral stream. We found that the left inferior parietal lobule, in the vicinity of the supramarginal gyrus, exhibited tool preferences for images presented at low temporal frequencies, whereas superior and posterior parietal regions exhibited tool preferences for images present at high temporal frequencies.

These data indicate that object identity, processed within the ventral stream, is communicated to the left inferior parietal lobule and may there combine with inputs from the dorsal visual pathway to allow for functionally appropriate object manipulation.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27082048?dopt=Abstract

தமிழ் எழுத்துக்களின் ஒலிப் பிறப்பு/ முறையான உச்சரிப்பு / எழுத்து-பிறக்குமிடம்

எழுத்துக்களைச் சரியாக உச்சரிக்கவில்லையென்றால் சொற்களின் பொருள்கள் வேறுபட்டுவிடும். நாம் பேசுவதன் கருத்தைப் பிறை தெளிவாக மயக்கத்திற்கு இடமின்றி உணர்ந்துகொள்ள வேண்டுமெனில் நாம் சொற்களில் உள்ள எழுத்துக்களைச் சரியாக உச்சரிக்க வேண்டும். தமிழ் மொழியில் சில எழுத்துக்களை உச்சரித்தல் கடினமானது. சிற்சில எழுத்துக்களின் உச்சரிப்புகளில் நுண்ணிய வேறுபாடுகளே உள்ளன. தமிழ் மொழிக்கே சிறப்பாக அமைந்துள்ள சில (ல,ள,ழ, ந,ன,ண,ர,ற) எழுத்துக்களைச் சரியாக உச்சரிப்பதற்கு இது உங்களுக்குத் துணையாக இருக்கும் என எண்ணுகிறோம்.

உச்சரிப்புக்கு முதன்மையாய் உள்ளது வாய். வாயில் பலவேறு பகுதிகள் உள்ளன. அவற்றுள் முக்கியமானவை.நா(க்கு)பற்கள்உதடுகள்அண்ணம்ஈறுஉள்நாக்கு முதலியன.அண்ணம் என்பது, வாயில் அரைவட்டமாக உள்ள மேல் பகுதி. இந்த அண்ணத்தை மூன்று பகுதிகளாகக் கூறலாம். மேல் முன் பற்களுக்கு அருகில் உள்ளது நுனி அண்ணம்; அண்ணத்தின் இடைப்பகுதி நடு அண்ணம்; நடு அண்ணத்துக்கும் உள் நாக்குக்கும் இடைப்பட்ட அடி அண்ணம். முதலில் இவற்றை நன்றாக நினைவில் கொள்ள வேண்டும்.உச்சரிப்பில் நுணுக்கமான வேறுபாடுகளை உடைய எழுத்துகள் சில உள்ளன. அவ்வெழுத்துகளை மூன்று தொகுதிகளாக இங்கு எடுத்துக் கொள்வோம். அவை;(அ) ல, ழ, ள(ஆ)ண, ந, ன(இ) ர, ற என்பன.முதலில் ல, ள, ழ - இவற்றை எப்படி உச்சரிக்க வேண்டும் என்பதை அறிந்து கொள்ளலாம்."ல"வின் பின், "ள", அதன் பின்னர் "ழ" என்னும் முறையில் இம்மூன்று எழுத்துகளும் வரும் என்பதை நினைவில் கொண்டால் உச்சரிப்புச் சீராய் வரும்.ல, ள, ழ - என்னும் இவ்வெழுத்துகளையும் இவற்றின் இன எழுத்துகளையும் கொண்ட சில சொற்களும் அவற்றின் பொருள்களும் கீழே கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. அவற்றைத் தெரிந்து கொள்வது நல்லது.பலம் - சத்து , வலிமை ( ஒரு பலம் - முன் வழக்கில் இருந்த நிறுத்தல் அளவை )பழம் - கனி, மூத்தது, முதிர்ந்ததுவலம் - வலப்பக்கம்,வெற்றிவளம் - மிகுதி,அழகு,செல்வம்,செழுமைவிலா - வயிற்றின் பக்கப் பகுதிவிளா - விளாமரம்விழா - திருவிழாவலி - நோய்,வல்லமை,இழு(த்தல்)வளி - காற்றுவழி - பாதை,இடம்,காரணம், மிகுந்து வடி(தல்)விலை - பொருளின் மதிப்புவிளை - உண்டாக்கு, ஏற்படுவிழை - விரும்பு,வேண்டு,பழகுகொழு - கொழுத்தல், கொழுப்புகொளு - கருத்து,பொருத்தும் கருவிகொலு - கொலு வைத்தல், கொலு வீற்றிருத்தல்வால் - விலங்குகளின் வால், தொங்கும் உறுப்புவாள் - வெட்டும்/அறுக்கும் கருவி, அரிவாள்வாழ் - பிழைத்திரு,உயிர்வாழ்இவ்வாறு பல சொற்கள் உள்ளன. அவற்றின் எழுத்துகளும் உச்சரிப்புகளும் மாறுபடுவதால் பொருள்களும் மாறுபடுகின்றன என்பதை நினைவில் கொள்ள வேண்டும்.இப்படிப் பொருள் வேறுபடும் சில வாக்கியங்களையும் காண்போம்.(எ-டு)தவலை கிணற்றில் விழுந்தது.தவளை கிணற்றில் விழுந்தது.முன்னது " தவலை " - அதாவது நீர்க்குடம் கிணற்றில் விழுந்தது என்றும், பின்னது " தவளை " - நீர்வாழ் உயிரினம் ஒன்று நீரில் குதித்தது என்றும் பொருள்படும்.தலையை வெட்டினான்.தழையை வெட்டினான்.இவற்ற்றில் முன்னது உடல் உறுப்பாகிய " தலையை " வெட்டினான் என்னும் பொருளையும், பின்னது " தழையை " - அதாவது தாவரங்களின் இலையை வெட்டினான் என்னும் பொருளையும் உணர்த்தும். உச்சரிப்புத் தவறானால் பொருளே வேறுவிதமாய்ப் போய்விடுகிறதல்லவா ? இப்படிப் பல எடுத்துக் காட்டுகளைச் சொல்லலாம்.ல, ள, ழ - இம்மூன்று எழுத்துகளின் முறையான உச்சரிப்பையும், அவ்வெழுத்துகளாலாகும் சொற்களைத் தவறாக உச்சரிப்பதால் ஏற்படும் பொருள் மாற்றத்தையும் அறிந்தோம்.தொல்காப்பியம் > எழுத்ததிகாரம் (பிறப்பியல்)உந்தி முதலா முந்து வளி தோன்றிதலையினும் மிடற்றினும் நெஞ்சினும் நிலைஇபல்லும் இதழும் நாவும் மூக்கும்அண்ணமும் உளப்பட எண் முறை நிலையான்உறுப்பு உற்று அமைய நெறிப்பட நாடிஎல்லா எழுத்தும் சொல்லும் காலைபிறப்பின் ஆக்கம் வேறு வேறு இயலதிறப்படத் தெரியும் காட்சியான. 1அவ் வழி,பன்னீர் உயிரும் தம் நிலை திரியாமிடற்றுப் பிறந்த வளியின் இசைக்கும். 2அவற்றுள்,அ ஆ ஆயிரண்டு அங்காந்து இயலும். 3இ ஈ எ ஏ ஐ என இசைக்கும்அப் பால் ஐந்தும் அவற்று ஓரன்னஅவைதாம்,அண்பல் முதல் நா விளிம்பு உறல் உடைய. 4உ ஊ ஒ ஓ ஔ என இசைக்கும்அப் பால் ஐந்தும் இதழ் குவிந்து இயலும். 5தம்தம் திரிபே சிறிய என்ப. 6ககார ஙகாரம் முதல் நா அண்ணம். 7சகார ஞகாரம் இடை நா அண்ணம். 8டகார ணகாரம் நுனி நா அண்ணம். 9அவ் ஆறு எழுத்தும் மூ வகைப் பிறப்பின. 10அண்ணம் நண்ணிய பல் முதல் மருங்கில்நா நுனி பரந்து மெய் உற ஒற்றதாம் இனிது பிறக்கும் தகார நகாரம். 11அணரி நுனி நா அண்ணம் ஒற்றறஃகான் னஃகான் ஆயிரண்டும் பிறக்கும். 12நுனி நா அணரி அண்ணம் வருடரகார ழகாரம் ஆயிரண்டும் பிறக்கும். 13நா விளிம்பு வீங்கி அண்பல் முதல் உறஆவயின் அண்ணம் ஒற்றவும் வருடவும்லகார ளகாரம் ஆயிரண்டும் பிறக்கும். 14இதழ் இயைந்து பிறக்கும் பகார மகாரம். 15பல் இதழ் இயைய வகாரம் பிறக்கும். 16அண்ணம் சேர்ந்த மிடற்று எழு வளி இசைகண்ணுற்று அடைய யகாரம் பிறக்கும். 17மெல்லெழுத்து ஆறும் பிறப்பின் ஆக்கம்சொல்லிய பள்ளி நிலையின ஆயினும்மூக்கின் வளி இசை யாப்புறத் தோன்றும். 18சார்ந்து வரின் அல்லது தமக்கு இயல்பு இல எனத்தேர்ந்து வெளிப்படுத்த ஏனை மூன்றும்தம்தம் சார்பின் பிறப்பொடு சிவணிஒத்த காட்சியின் தம் இயல்பு இயலும். 19எல்லா எழுத்தும் வெளிப்படக் கிளந்துசொல்லிய பள்ளி எழுதரு வளியின்பிறப்பொடு விடுவழி உறழ்ச்சி வாரத்துஅகத்து எழு வளி இசை அரில் தப நாடிஅளபின் கோடல் அந்தணர் மறைத்தே. 20அஃது இவண் நுவலாது எழுந்து புறத்து இசைக்கும்மெய் தெரி வளி இசை அளபு நுவன்றிசினே. 21

Now There’s a Way Around Paralysis: “Neural Bypass” Links Brain to Hand

The achievement, reported today in Nature, caps a decade of research on brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) for paralyzed people.

Doctors couldn’t fix Ian Burkhart’s spinal cord injury. So engineers figured out a way around it.

Their “neural bypass” system uses a brain implant to record the electrical signals generated when Burkhart tries to move one of his paralyzed hands. Those signals are decoded by a computer and routed to an electronic sleeve that stimulates Burkhart’s forearm muscles in precise patterns. The result looks surprisingly simple and natural: When Burkhart thinks about picking up a bottle, he picks up the bottle. When he thinks about playing a chord in Guitar Hero, he plays the chord.

Yet the technology at work is far from simple. The achievement, reported today in Nature, caps a decade of research on brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) for paralyzed people. In 2006, a quadriplegic man used a brain implant to control the movements of a computer cursor; six years later a quadriplegic woman used an implant to control a robotic arm, which she used to independently bring a coffee drink to her lips. Meanwhile, other researchers have investigated different ways to control paralyzed limbs with electricity, using stimulating electrodes to jolt muscles into action.

Today’s announcement marks the first time these two technologies have been combined to help one human. BCIs had previously shown progress “with cursor control, using a computer, being able to operate devices, and even prosthetic arms,” says Chad Bouton, a study coauthor who researches bioelectronic medicine at the Feinstein Institute on Long Island. “But no one had restored any movement to the arm. We decided to take it to that next level.”

Burkhart broke his neck during a beach vacation in 2010 when an ocean wave drove him down into a sandbar, breaking his neck. He was paralyzed from the fifth cervical vertebrae down, meaning that he could move his head, neck, and upper arms, but nothing else. “For me, being in a wheelchair and not being able to walk isn’t the biggest thing,” he said at a press briefing yesterday. “It’s the lack of independence I have, because I have to rely on other people for so many things.”

By demonstrating that Burkhart could use the neural bypass for functional movements like swiping a credit card, the researchers offer hope to paralyzed people seeking renewed autonomy. Right now, the experimental system can only be used in the lab. But the long-term goal is to build a system that’s safe and simple enough for people to use at home.

Here’s how the neural bridge works. The implant’s array of 96 electrodes record the electrical activity when brain cells “fire” in a particular part of Burkhart’s motor cortex, which is active when he imagines hand movements. But understanding the data from the implant is a monstrously difficult task. Each of the 96 electrodes measures activity 30,000 times per second, so there’s a great deal of noise obscuring the discrete signal that means, for example, “flex the thumb.”

Burkhart attended up to three sessions weekly for 15 weeks to train the system in understanding his brain signals. First he would watch an animated hand on a computer screen flex its thumb, and he’d imagine making that movement while the implant recorded his neurons’ activity. Over time, a machine-learning algorithm figured out which pattern of activity corresponded to a thumb flex.

Now that the system recognizes the signal, it can generate a pattern of electrical pulses, mimicking the pulses the brain would typically send down an undamaged spinal cord and through the nerves. The pulses go to the sleeve on Burkhart’s forearm that consists of 130 electrodes, which stimulate specific muscles to flex the thumb. The researchers carried out the same process for many different motions of his fingers, hand, and wrist.

While other research groups are experimenting with wrapping implanted electrodes around the nerves themselves to stimulate muscles, Bouton’s team chose to use non-invasive electrodes to stimulate the muscles through the skin. Bouton says they made that decision to keep the system simple and make it adaptable to home use. The electrode sleeve “could be part of a shirt in the future,” he says.

Making a home-use model of the neural bypass still requires some big technical leaps, however. To use the current system, Burkhart must attach a cable to the small “pedestal” that juts out of his skull. The researchers want to develop a way to wirelessly send the implant’s data to a computer, but the sheer amount of data being transferred poses a problem. “About 1 gigabyte of data comes off Ian’s brain every three minutes,” says Nick Annetta, a study coauthor from Battelle Memorial Institute in Columbus, Ohio.

Researchers are also working to keep the implant functional over many years. The brain treats it as a foreign body and can “encapsulate” the electrodes as a protective measure, preventing them from recording signals from the neurons. In the two years since Burkhart received his implant, some of the 96 electrodes have stopped transmitting data, the scientists say. But enough are still operating to keep the system functioning.

But having come this far, the research team is optimistic that the next challenges will be overcome in due course. And for all the technological prowess required, Burkhart says the most exciting part is how the gear could eventually fade into the background of his life. Burkhart adds that regaining use of his natural arm appeals to him much more than using a BCI to control a robotic prosthetic arm. “It allows me to function almost as a normal member of society,” he says, “and not be treated as a cyborg.”

http://www.nature.com/…/journal/vaop/…/full/nature17435.html

http://spectrum.ieee.org/…/now-theres-a-way-around-paralysi…

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=60fAjaRfwnU

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5167938.stm

Cecile G. Tamura