Saturday, October 3, 2015
What types of video games improve brain function?
From "brain games" designed to enhance mental fitness, to games used to improve real-world problems, to games created purely to entertain, today's video games can have a variety of potential impacts on the brain.
A new article in Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences argues that it is the specific content, dynamics, and mechanics of individual games that determine their effects on the brain and that action video games might have particularly positive benefits.
Analyzing science on the cognitive effects of video games researchers wrote that action video games- games that feature quickly moving targets that come in and out of view, include large amounts of clutter, and that require the user to make rapid, accurate decisions - have particularly positive cognitive impacts, even when compared to "brain games," which are created specifically to improve cognitive function.
"Action video games have been linked to improving attention skills, brain processing, and cognitive functions including low-level vision through high-level cognitive abilities. Many other types of games do not produce an equivalent impact on perception and cognition," the researchers commented. "Brain games typically embody few of the qualities of the commercial video games linked with cognitive improvement."
Researchers noted that while action games in particular have not been linked to problems with sustaining attention, research has shown that total amount of video game play predicts poorer attention in the classroom.
Furthermore, video games are known to impact not only cognitive function, but many other aspects of behavior - including social functions - and this impact can be either positive or negative depending on the content of the games.
Scientists find worms can safely eat the plastic in our garbage
- Researchers found mealworms that subsists on Styrofoam transform wastes into biodegradable fragments
- Styrofoam had always been thought to be non-biodegradable from early research
- The discovery is considered a revolutionary breakthrough in solving global waste crisis
Garbage is a big problem. Even with so many of us doing our bit to help out with recycling, the amount of unrecyclable and discarded plastics in the US alone comes close to 30 million tonnes annually, thanks to things like disposable coffee cups(2.5 billion of which are thrown away by Americans every year). We’re looking at you, Starbucks.
Now, for the first time, researchers have found detailed evidence that bacteria in an animal’s gut can safely biodegrade plastic and potentially help reduce the environmental impact of plastic in landfill and elsewhere. The animal in question? The humble mealworm – which turns out to be not so humble after all.
Researchers led by Stanford University in US and Beihang University in China found that the mealworm – the larval form of the darkling beetle – can safely subsist on a diet of Styrofoam and other kinds of polystyrene, with bacteria in the worm’s gut biodegrading the plastic as part of its digestive process. The findings are significant because it was previously thought that these substances were non-biodegradable – meaning they ended up in landfill (or worse, our oceans, where they’d accumulate for decades).
“Our findings have opened a new door to solve the global plastic pollution problem,” co-author Wei-Min Wu, a senior research engineer in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Stanford, said in a statement.
In the study, 100 mealworms ate between 34 and 39 milligrams of Styrofoam each day, converting about half into carbon dioxide and the other excreting the bulk of the rest as biodegraded droppings. They remained healthy on the plastic diet, and their droppings appeared to be safe for use as soil for crops.
Compared to the amount of plastic people go through every year, the mealworms’ capacity to process our waste product might not sound like much, but further research could help us engineer more powerful enzymes for plastic degradation, including processing other kinds of currently impervious plastics, including polypropylene, microbeads, and bioplastics.
The researchers are also looking to find whether a marine equivalent of the mealworm may exist, as hundreds of thousands of tonnes of plastic in the world’s oceans are an ongoing environmental concern.
“There’s a possibility of really important research coming out of bizarre places,” said Craig Criddle, a professor of civil and environmental engineering who supervised the research. “Sometimes, science surprises us. This is a shock.”
Not a substitute to recycling
However, while the mealworms may just help the world save its mounting waste crisis, this should not be considered as a substitute for recycling, Wu said.
According to the Worldwatch Institute data released in 2013, the world has generated about 300 million tons of plastic, with a very small percentage of these wastes being recycled while the larger portion continue to threaten the environment with water contamination and poisoning of the animal and marine life.
“We need to be better at recycling. We shouldn’t waste plastic anywhere,” Wu told CNN.
Craig Criddle, a professor of civil and environmental engineering supervising Wu’s research at Stanford, said they are now planning to study whether microorganisms within mealworms and other insects can biodegrade plastics such as polypropylene, microbeads and bioplastics.
Polypropylene is being used to manufacture textile products and automotive components, microbeads are used for exfoliants while bioplastics are derived from renewable sources of biomass.
Craig said the researchers will next study the effect of wastes from these sources when consumed by other animals, which are in turn, eaten by other animals in what he described as “cradle-to-cradle” approach.
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