Search This Blog

Thursday, January 22, 2015

Sewage sludge contains millions of dollars worth of gold

Engineers have analysed the contents of sewage sludge to discover that in a city of a million people, there’s as much as $13 million worth of valuable metals, including gold and silver.
A new study has estimated that if you take all the sewage sludge produced by a population of 1 million - so, what’s left behind when all the toilet water, storm run-off, and industrial waste that ends up in our drains is treated - you’ll find over $2.5 million worth of gold and silver, plus other metals worth millions more.
It’s been known for years that sewage sludge contains a bunch of metal. In fact, it’s considered a nuisance because if any of these metals have reached toxic levels, this sludge can’t be deposited into streams or used as industrial fertiliser (60 percent of sludge produced in America ends up feeding its farms), and has to be deposited as landfill, which can be pricey. But until now, no one had really considered that this metal could actually be worth something.
A team at Arizona State University (ASU) in the US decided to investigate, gathering sludge samples from all over the country, and identifying all the different kinds of rare-earth elements and minor metals within, using a mass spectrometer. 
"For a community of 1 million people, metals in biosolids were valued at up to US$13 million annually,” they conclude in a paper published in Environmental Science & Technology. "A model incorporating a parameter to capture the relative potential for economic value from biosolids revealed the identity of the 13 most lucrative elements with a combined value of US $280/ton [907 kg] of sludge.” That equates to about $8 million in a hypothetical city of 1 million people.
Those 13 most lucrative elements are silver, copper, gold, prosperous, iron, palladium, manganese, zinc, Lawrencium, aluminium, cadmium, titanium, gallium, and chromium. Warren Cornwall reports at Science Magazine that, rather than anyone pooping them out like a grotesque spin on Aesop’s famous goose, these metals wind up in our sewers thanks to "mining, electroplating, electronics and jewellery manufacturing, or industrial and automotive catalysts”.
Now, before anyone gets too excited - seriously, contain yourselves! - there’s likely never going to be a practical method for extracting every last speck of those valuable metals, but engineer Jordan Peccia from Yale University in the US, who was not involved in the study, told Cornwall the results could convince the waste treatment industry to adjust their disposal methods to reap some of the benefits from the runoff of society. “We’re not going to get rid of this sewage sludge. We need to make this push where we stop thinking about it as a liability and instead we think about it as a resource. And anything we can find in sewage sludge that’s valuable, it’s good.”
How to extract more value out of a city’s waste is something that scientists around the world have been increasingly interested in. Earlier this month, it was announced that the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has financed the development of technology that turns untreated human waste into electricity, drinking water and ash. And a Kenyan teenager has also recently figured out how to derive value out of his school's waste - turning it into energy to fuel his school kitchen.
Cornwall reports at Science Magazine that in Suwa, a city in central Japan, a treatment plant that receives a lot of industrial runoff has already figured out that if they burn the sludge, they can extract nearly 2 kilograms of gold in every metric tonne of the resulting ash. That makes this ash "more gold-rich than the ore in many mines", he says.
Whether treatment plants around the world will find this process, or ones yet to be developed, economically viable it the question, but “We think it is,” Peccia says. 
Source: Science Magazine
Thanks http://www.sciencealert.com/

Drinking coffee may reducing type 2 diabetes risk and improving your liver health and protect against certain types of skin cancer


Coffee drinking has been associated with a raft of health benefits in recent years - such as reducing type 2 diabetes risk and improving your liver health - and just generally making us feel more alert and awake.
But now scientists from US National Cancer Institute have found that people who drink four cups of coffee day are 20 percent less likely to develop malignant melanoma than non-coffee drinkers.
The study looked at 447,357 retirees over a period of roughly 10 years, and analysed the coffee consumption of all participants, and their diet.
During the study period, 2,904 people developed malignant melanoma (the deadly kind that’s spread beyond the top layer of the skin) and 1,874 people had developed early-stage melanoma, which hasn’t yet spread.
They then assessed how much UV each participant would have bee exposed to, based on NASA data on the amount of sun each person’s hometown had received over the study period.
They also looked into how much they exercised, how much alcohol they drank, whether they smoked and also their body-mass index. 
When controlling for all those factors, as well as a family history of cancer, the researchers found that drinking at least four cups of caffeinated coffee a day still turned out to be significantly linked to a 20 percent reduction in malignant melanoma risk.
"Our study is the largest to date to evaluate this relationship," one of the researchers involved in the study, Erikka Loftfield, told Stephanie Pappas from Live Science.
The results have been published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.
 This risk reduction was only significant for caffeinated coffee, not decaff, which suggests that the benefit may be coming from caffeine, but further research needs to be done on the different compounds in coffee and how they relate to skin cancer risk.
As Alice Park reports for Time: 
The roasting process of coffee beans also releases vitamin derivatives that protect against UV damage in mice. There’s also intriguing evidence that caffeine may act as a molecular sunscreen, absorbing UV rays and therefore protecting DNA from damage.
The team explains that their results now need to be repeated and verified. And, of course, the best way to avoid skin cancer is still to avoid UV exposure, Loftfield told Pappas. 
“Our results, and some from other recent studies, should provide reassurance to coffee consumers that drinking coffee is not a risky thing to do," she told LiveScience via email. "However, our results do not indicate that individuals should alter their coffee intake."
But this isn’t the first time that coffee has been shown to have a protective effect against a type of skin cancer. Back in 2012, research found that women who drank more than three cups of coffee a day had a 21 percent reduction in basal cell carcinoma risk, compared to women who only drank one cup of coffee a month. For men, the risk reduction was 10 percent.
"Most likely, the protective effect is due to caffeine," the lead author Jiali Han, from Harvard Medical School in the US, told Anna Azvolinksy over at Scientific Americanat the time.
So bottom line? Keep being sunsmart, but don’t feel bad about enjoying an iced latte while you do so.

நாம் எந்த கீரை சாப்பிட்டால் என்ன பலன் கிடைக்கும்...??


கொத்தமல்லி கீரை-----------மூளை, மூக்கு சம்பந்தமான சகல வியாதிகளும் குணமாகும். பசியைத் தூண்டும்.
அரைக்கீரை------------ நரம்பு தளர்ச்சியை போக்கும். தாய்ப்பால் பெருகும்.
ல்ளாரை---------- நினைவாற்றலை அதிகமாகும். யானைக்கால் நோய் குணமாகும்.
அகத்திக்கீரை------------- மலச்சிக்கலைப் போக்கும்.
முளைக்கீரை------------ பல் சம்பந்தமான வியாதிகளை குணமாக்கும்.
பொன்னாங்கன்னி-----------இரத்தம் விருத்தியாகும்.
தர்ப்பைப் புல்: ---------இரத்தம் சுத்தமாகும். கஷாயம் வைத்து பருகவும்.
தூதுவளை:----------- மூச்சு வாங்குதல் குணமாகும்.
முருங்கை கீரை: -------பொறியல் செய்து நெய்விட்டு 48 நாட்கள் சாட்பபிட தாது விருத்தியாகும்.
சிறுகீரை: ----------நீர்கோவை குணமாகும்.
வெந்தியக்கீரை--------: இருமல் குணமாகும்
புதினா கீரை:------ மசக்கை மயக்கம், வாந்தி குணமாகும்.
அறுகீரை:------- சளிக்காய்ச்சல், டைபாய்டு குணமாகும்.

Wednesday, January 21, 2015

COMMON BRAIN TUMORS IN CHILDREN AND THEIR COMMON LOCATIONS

Most childhood tumors (more than 60%) are located in the posterior fossa (the back compartment of the brain). This area is separated from the cerebral hemispheres by a tough membrane called the tentorium. The posterior fossa includes the cerebellum, the brainstem, and the fourth ventricle. Tumors in this area include medulloblastomas (also called primitive neuroectodermal tumors, or PNETs), cerebellar astrocytomasbrainstem gliomas, andependymomas. Although less common, other rare types of tumors have also been observed in this area, such as rhabdoid tumors and ganglioglioma; these are not discussed in detail below.
The remaining 30% to 40% of brain tumors occur within one of the two cerebral hemispheres or in the spinal cord. Tumors of the hemispheres include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, craniopharyngiomas, choroid plexus carcinomas, ependymomas, supratentorial PNETs, pineoblastomas, and germ cell tumors. The most common tumors of the spinal cord are astrocytomas and ependymomas.
Names of tumors can be confusing. One large family of tumors—comprising half of all pediatric tumors—are gliomas, meaning they arise from glial cells or the supporting cells of the nervous system. Glial cells consist of astrocytes, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes (myelin-forming cells). Some tumors take their names from these cells. For example, an astrocyte is a type of glial cell from which astrocytomas arise, so doctors may refer to the tumor as a glioma or as an astrocytoma. One term is simply more specific than the other. Tumors may also take their names from their location, such as the brainstem glioma.
The sudden influx of medical terminology into your life can be intimidating. Health care professionals are familiar with such terminology through years of training and experience. But these terms are new to you, so ask your child’s doctor to explain them. There are many types of brain tumors and many names for them—often even more than one name for the same tumor. The descriptions that follow include only the most common types of brain tumors found in children, divided into two broad groups according to their location.

Tumors of the Posterior Fossa
Medulloblastomas: Medulloblastomas (PNETs) are the most common malignant brain tumor in children (20% of all pediatric tumors) and usually occur in children between the ages of 4 and 10 years. Medulloblastomas occur more often in boys than in girls. These tumors typically arise in the middle of the cerebellum, interfering with the flow of CSF and causing hydrocephalus. A child may have headaches, vomit, or walk unsteadily. Sometimes there is pain at the back of the head. Medulloblastomas can spread to other parts of the brain through the CSF. Treatment is usually surgical removal, followed by radiation therapy of the entire head and spinal cord and/or chemotherapy.
Cerebellar Astrocytomas: Cerebellar astrocytomas are benign glial tumors of the cerebellum. They are the second most common childhood tumor (15% to 20% of all pediatric tumors). They can occur at any time in childhood or adolescence and have the same symptoms as medulloblastomas. Treatment is surgical removal, which is the cure in most cases if the tumor is totally removed. If the tumor has grown into the brainstem, radiation therapy or chemotherapy (depending on the child’s age) is sometimes needed.
Brainstem Gliomas: Approximately 10% to 15% of childhood brain tumors are brainstem gliomas, which most commonly affect children between the ages of 5 and 10 years. Because of their location, brainstem gliomas may cause sudden dramatic symptoms, such as double vision, clumsiness, difficulty swallowing, and weakness. These are often referred to as diffuse pontine gliomas. In these cases, surgery is not usually an option. Radiation therapy, with or without chemotherapy, is the preferred option. A small percentage of slow-growing tumors that cause slowly progressive symptoms can be treated surgically or with chemotherapy.
Ependymomas: Ependymomas make up 8% to 10% of pediatric tumors and occur at any time during childhood. They are a type of glioma involving cells lining the cerebral ventricles. Seventy percent of ependymomas develop in the posterior fossa. These tumors are not always distinguishable, on scans, from medulloblastomas. They cause similar symptoms, and hydrocephalus is often involved. Surgical removal of the tumor is the usual treatment of choice, followed by radiation therapy to the site of the resection.

Tumors of the Cerebral Hemispheres
Supratentorial Gliomas: About 30% of pediatric brain tumors are gliomas that grow in regions of the cerebral hemispheres. Treatment and prognosis depend on their exact location and how quickly they are growing. Some of the names for tumors in these areas are juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma, optic glioma or hypothalamic glioma (see below), oligodendroglioma, hemispheric astrocytoma, and ganglioglioma. Many of these tumors cause seizures. Surgical removal is the treatment of choice, unless the tumor is in an area that controls speech, movement, vision, or cognition. The tumor may be partially removed, with radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy as additional therapy.
Optic Pathway Gliomas: A small percentage (5%) of pediatric tumors are gliomas involving the optic nerves and the hypothalamus. These are usually slow-growing and can be treated successfully with surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. Because visual pathways and/or the hypothalamus are affected, children with these tumors often have vision and hormone problems.
Craniopharyngiomas: Craniopharyngiomas, which are nonglial growths, account for 5% of childhood brain tumors, usually causing growth failure because of their location near the pituitary gland. They often affect vision. Treatment is often controversial because complete surgical removal may be curative but can also cause memory, vision, behavioral, and hormonal problems. Partial surgical removal plus radiation therapy is an alternative. Children treated for these tumors usually need long-term follow-up care for visual and/or hormonal problems.
Germ Cell Tumors: A small percentage of childhood brain tumors arise in the pineal or suprasellar regions, above the pituitary gland. They are most often diagnosed around the time of puberty and are more likely to affect boys than girls. These tumors often respond favorably to chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy, following surgery.
Choroid Plexus Papillomas: The choroid plexus is located within the ventricles in the brain and produces CSF.Choroid plexus papillomas (benign) and choroid plexus carcinomas (malignant) account for 1% to 3% of pediatric brain tumors. These types of tumors usually arise in infants and often cause hydrocephalus. The treatment of choice is surgery and, if the tumor is malignant, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy.
Supratentorial PNETs/Pineoblastomas:Supratentorial PNETs and pineoblastomas account for approximately 5% of pediatric brain tumors. Their symptoms depend on location and proximity to the CSF spaces. Treatment involves maximal surgical resection, radiation therapy to the brain and spine, and chemotherapy
A brain tumor is a group (mass) of abnormal cells that start in the brain.
This article focuses on primary brain tumors in children.

Causes

The cause of primary brain tumors is unknown. Primary brain tumors may be:
  • Not cancerous (benign)
  • Invasive (spread to nearby areas)
  • Cancerous (malignant)
Brain tumors are classified based on:
  • The exact site of the tumor
  • The type of tissue involved
  • Whether it is cancerous
Brain tumors can directly destroy brain cells. They can also indirectly damage cells by pushing on other parts of the brain. This leads to swelling and increased pressure inside the skull.
Tumors can occur at any age. Many tumors are more common at a certain age. In general, brain tumors in children are very rare.
COMMON TUMOR TYPES
Astrocytomas are usually noncancerous, slow-growing tumors. They commonly develop in children ages 5 through 8. Also called low-grade gliomas, these are the most common brain tumors in children.
Medulloblastomas are the most common type of childhood brain cancer. Most medulloblastomas occur before age 10.
Ependymomas are a type of childhood brain tumor that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The location and type of ependymoma determine the type of therapy needed to control the tumor.
Brainstem gliomas are very rare tumors that occur almost only in children. The average age at which they develop is about 6. The tumor may grow very large before causing symptoms.

Symptoms

Symptoms may be subtle and only gradually become worse. Or they may occur very quickly.
Headaches are often the most common symptom. But only very rarely do children with headaches have a tumor. Headache patterns that may occur with brain tumors include:
  • Headaches that are worse when waking up in the morning and go away within a few hours
  • Headaches that get worse with coughing or exercise, or with a change in body position
  • Headaches that occur while sleeping and with at least one other symptom such as vomiting or confusion
Sometimes the only symptoms of brain tumors are mental changes, which may include:
  • Changes in personality and behavior
  • Unable to concentrate
  • Increased sleep
  • Memory loss
  • Problems with reasoning
Other possible symptoms are:
  • Gradual loss of movement or feeling in an arm or leg
  • Hearing loss with or without dizziness
  • Speech difficulty
  • Unexpected vision problem (especially if it occurs with a headache), including vision loss (usually of peripheral vision) in one or both eyes, or double vision
  • Problems with balance
  • Weakness or numbness

Exams and Tests

The health care provider will perform a physical exam. Infants may have the following physical signs:
  • Bulging fontanelles
  • Enlarged eyes
  • No red reflex in the eye
  • Positive Babinski reflex
  • Separated sutures
The following tests may be used to detect a brain tumor and identify its location:
  • CT scan of the head
  • MRI of the brain 
  • Examination of the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

Treatment

Treatment depends on the size and type of tumor and the child's general health. The goals of treatment may be to cure the tumor, relieve symptoms, and improve brain function or the child's comfort.
Surgery is needed for most primary brain tumors. Some tumors may be completely removed. In cases where the tumor cannot be removed, surgery may help reduce pressure and relieve symptoms. Chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be used for certain tumors.
The following are treatments for specific types of tumors:
  • Astrocytoma -- Surgery to remove the tumor is the main treatment. Chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy may also be necessary.
  • Brainstem gliomas -- Surgery is usually not possible because of the tumor's location in the brain. Radiation is used to shrink the tumor and prolong life.
  • Ependymomas -- Treatment includes surgery. Radiation and chemotherapy may be necessary.
  • Medulloblastomas -- Surgery alone does not cure this type of tumor. Chemotherapy with or without radiation is often used in combination with surgery.
Medicines used to treat primary brain tumors in children include:
  • Corticosteroids to reduce brain swelling
  • Diuretics (water pills) to reduce brain swelling and pressure
  • Anticonvulsants to reduce or prevent seizures
  • Pain medicines
Comfort measures, safety measures, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other such steps may be required to improve quality of life.

Support Groups

You can ease the stress of illness by joining a cancer support group. Sharing with others who have common experiences and problems can help you and your child not feel alone.

Outlook (Prognosis)

How well the child does depends on many things, including the exact type of tumor. In general, about 3 of 4 children survive at least 5 years after being diagnosed.
Long-term brain and nervous system problems may result from the tumor itself or from treatment. Children may have problems with attention, concentration, or memory. They may also have problems processing information, planning, insight, or initiative or desire to do things.
Children younger than age 7, especially younger than age 3, seem to be at greatest risk of these complications.
Parents need to make sure that children receive support services at home and at school.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call a health care provider if a child develops headaches that do not go away or other symptoms of a brain tumor.
Go to the emergency room if a child develops any of the following:
  • Physical weakness
  • Change in behavior
  • Severe headache of unknown cause
  • Seizure of unknown cause
  • Vision changes
  • Speech changes

Alternative Names

Glioblastoma multiforme - children; Ependymoma - children; Glioma - children; Astrocytoma - children; Medulloblastoma - children; Neuroglioma - children; Oligodendroglioma - children; Meningioma - children; Cancer - brain tumor (children)

References

Kuttesch JF Jr, Rush SA, Ater JL. Brain tumors in childhood. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW III, et al., eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Saunders; 2011:chap 491.
National Cancer Institute: PDQ Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors Treatment Overview. Bethesda, Md: National Cancer Institute. Date last modified 05/29/2013. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/childbrain/healthprofessional. Accessed October 18, 2013.
Wilne S, Koller K, Collier J, Kennedy C, Grundy R, Walker D. The diagnosis of brain tumours in children: a guideline to assist healthcare professionals in the assessment of children who may have a brain tumour. Arch Dis Child. 2010;95:534-539.

பகவத்கீதை பதினெட்டு அத்தியாயங்களின் தாத்பரியம் என்ன?


1. விஷாத யோகம். பிறப்பு நிலையற்றது. நாம் செய்யும் நல்லவையும் கெட்டவையுமே நம் புண்ணிய, பாவங்களை நிர்ணயிக்கும் என்று உணர வேண்டும். இறைவன் அருளால் முக்தியடைய வேண்டும் என்ற ஆத்மத் துடிப்பே விஷாத யோகம்.
2. சாங்கிய யோகம். பரமாத்மாவே என் குரு என்பதை உணர்ந்து அவரிடம் ஆத்ம உபதேசம் பெறுவது.
3. கர்மயோகம். உபதேசம் பெற்றால் போதுமா? மனம் பக்குவம் அடைய வேண்டாமா? பலனை எதிர்பார்க்காமல் கடமையைச் செய்யும் பக்குவம்.
4.ஞான கர்ம சன்னியாச யோகம். பாவம், புண்ணியங்கள் பற்றிக்கூட கவலைப்படாமல் எதன்மீதும் பற்று இல்லாமல், பரமனை அடையும் வழியில் முன்னேறுவது.
5. சன்னியாச யோகம். நான் உயர்ந்தவன் என்ற கர்வம் இல்லாமல் தான, தர்மங்கள் செய்வது.
6.தியான யோகம். கடவுளை அடைய புலனடக்கம் முக்கியம். மெய், வாய், கண், மூக்கு, செவி இந்த புலன்கள் நம் கட்டுப்பாட்டில் இருக்க வேண்டுமே தவிர அவை இழுத்த இழுப்புக்கு நாம் போய்விடக்கூடாது.
7. ஞானம். இந்த உலகில் காண்பவை எல்லாமே பிரம்மம்தான்.. எல்லாமே கடவுள்தான் என உணர்வது.
8. அட்சர பிரம்ம யோகம். எந்நேரமும் இறைவனைப்பற்றிய நினைப்புடன் வேறு சிந்தனைகளே இல்லாமல் இருப்பது.
9. ராஜவித்ய, ராஜ குஹ்ய யோகம். கடவுள் பக்தி மட்டுமே இருந்தால் பயனில்லை. சமூகத்தொண்டாற்றி, ஏழையின் சிரிப்பில் இறைவனைக் காண்பதுதான் உண்மையான பக்தி. உண்மையான ஆன்மிகம் என்று உணர்வது.ஒன்பதாம் படி.
10. விபூதி யோகம். அழகு, அறிவு, ஆற்றல் என எத்தகைய தெய்வீக குணத்தைக் கண்டாலும் அதை இறைவனாகவே காண்பது.பத்தாம் படி.
11.விஸ்வரூப தரிசன யோகம். ஆண்டவனில் உலகத்தையும் உலகில் ஆண்டவனையும் பார்க்கும் மனப்பக்குவத்தை வளர்த்துக்கொள்வது.
12. பக்தி யோகம். இன்பம் - துன்பம், விருப்பு-வெறுப்பு, ஏழை - பணக்காரன் என்பன போன்ற வேறுபாடுகளைக் களைந்து எல்லாவற்றிலும் சமத்துவத்தை விரும்புவது.
13. ஷேத்ரக்ஞ விபாக யோகம். எல்லா உயிர்களிலும் வீற்றிருந்து ஆண்டவனே அவர்களை இயக்குகிறார் என்பதை உணர்தல்.
14. குணத்ர விபாக யோகம். பிறப்பு, இறப்பு, மூப்பு ஆகியவற்றால் ஏற்படும் துன்பங்களை அகற்றி, இறைவனின் முழு அருளுக்கு பாத்திரமாவதே.
15. தெய்வாசுர விபாக யோகம். தீய குணங்களை ஒழித்து, நல்ல குணங்களை மட்டும் வளர்த்துக்கொண்டு, நம்மிடம் தெய்வாம்சத்தை அதிகரிப்பது.
16. சம்பத் விபாக யோகம். இறைவன் படைப்பில் எல்லோரும் சமம் என்று உணர்ந்து, அகங்காரம் வராமல் கவனமுடன் இருப்பது.
17. சிரித்தாத்ரய விபாக யோகம். சர்வம் பிரம்ம மயம் என்று உணர்ந்து பரப்பிரம்ம ஞானத்தை பெறுவது.
18.மோட்ச சன்யாச யோகம். யாரிடமும் எந்த உயிர்களிடமும் பேதம் பார்க்காமல், உன்னையே சரணாகதி அடைகிறேன் என்று இறைவன் சன்னதியில் வீழ்ந்தால் அவன் அருள் செய்வான் என்று ஆண்டவனையே சரணடைவது.
சத்தியம் நிறைந்த இந்தப் பதினெட்டு அத்தியாயங்களையும் முழு மனதுடன் படித்து, அதன் படி வாழ்ந்து வந்தால், நமக்கு பகவான் தரிசனம் தருவார். நம் வாழ்வுக்கு வளம் சேர்ப்பார் என்பதே பதினெட்டு அத்தியாயங்கள் நமக்கு உணர்த்தும் தத்துவமாகும்.

ஸ்ரீ மந்த்ர புஷ்பம்


யோபாம் புஷ்பம் வேதா புஷ்பவான் ப்ரஜாவான் பஸுமான் பவதி
சந்த்ரமாவாம பாம் புஷ்பம் புஷ்பவான் ப்ரஜாவான் பஸுமான் பவதி
ய ஏவம் வேதா யோபாமாயதனம் வேதா ஆயதனவான் பவதி (1)
அக்னிர்வா அபாமாயதனம் ஆயதனவான் பவதி
யோக்னேராயதனம் வேதா ஆயதனவான் பவதி
ஆபோவா அக்னேராயதனம் ஆயதனவான் பவதி
ய ஏவம் வேதா யோபாமாயதனம் வேதா ஆயதனவான் பவதி (2)
வாயுர்வா அபாமாயதனம் ஆயதனவான் பவதி
யோ வாயோராயதனம் வேதா ஆயதனவான் பவதி
ஆபோவை வாயோராயதனம் ஆயதனவான் பவதி
ய ஏவம் வேதா யோபாமாயதனம் வேதா ஆயதனவான் பவதி (3)
அசௌவை தபன்னபாமாயதனம் ஆயதனவான் பவதி
யோமுஷ்யதபத ஆயதனம் வேதா ஆயதனவான் பவதி
ஆபோவா அமுஷ்யதபத ஆயதனம் ஆயதனவான் பவதி
ய ஏவம் வேதா யோபாமாயதனம் வேதா ஆயதனவான் பவதி (4)
சந்த்ரமாவா அபாமாயதனம் ஆயதனவான் பவதி
யஃ சந்த்ரமச ஆயதனம் வேதா ஆயதனவான் பவதி
ஆபோவை சந்த்ரமச ஆயதனம் ஆயதனவான் பவதி
ய ஏவம் வேதா யோபாமாயதனம் வேதா ஆயதனவான் பவதி (5)
நக்ஷ்த்ரத்ராணிவா அபாமாயதனம் ஆயதனவான் பவதி
யோ நக்ஷ்த்ரத்ராணாமாயதனம் வேதா ஆயதனவான் பவதி
ஆபோவை நக்ஷ்த்தத்ராணாமாயதனம் ஆயதனவான் பவதி
ய ஏவம் வேதா யோபாமாயதனம் வேதா ஆயதனவான் பவதி (6)
பர்ஜன்யோவாம் அபாமாயதனம் ஆயதனவான் பவதி
யஃ பர்ஜன்யச்யாயதனம் வேதா ஆயதனவான் பவதி
ஆபோவை பர்ஜன்யச்யாயதனம் ஆயதனவான் பவதி
ய ஏவம் வேதா யோபாமாயதனம் வேதா ஆயதனவான் பவதி (7)
சம்வத்சரோவா அபாமாயதனம் ஆயதனவான் பவதி
யஃ சம்வத்சரச்யாயதனம் வேதா ஆயதனவான் பவதி
ஆபோவை சம்வத்சரச்யாயதனம் வேதா ஆயதனவான் பவதி
ய ஏவம் வேதா யோத்சுனாபம் ப்ரதிஷ்டிதாம் வேதா ப்ரத்யேவ திஷ்டதி (8)
ஓம் ராஜாதிராஜாய ப்ரசஹ்யசாஹினே நமோ வயம்
வைஷ்ரவணாய குர்மஹே | சமெ காமான் காமகாமாய மஹ்யம் |
காமேஷ்வரோ வைஷ்ரவணோ ததாது |
குபேராய வைஷ்ரவணாய மஹாராஜாய நமஃ |

இலவச இணைய மின் நூலகங்கள் (Onlinebooks.Library)

சில அருமையான புத்தகங்கள் வாசிக்க கிடைத்தால் அன்ன ஆகாரத்தை கூட மறந்து விட்டு படிக்கத்தோன்றும்.
நல்ல புத்தகங்களை வாசிப்பதில் உள்ள சுவாரஸ்யமும் பயனும் வேறு எதிலும் இல்லை.
காசு கொடுத்தாலும் கிடைக்காத நல்ல புத்தங்கள் பல இணைய தள புத்தக அலமாரிகளில் பதுங்கி கிடக்கிறது.
இவற்றை தேடிஎடுத்து இலவசமாக படித்து பயன் பெற
எனக்கு தெரிந்த சில தளங்களின் முகவரிகளை தந்திருக்கிறேன். உங்ளுக்கு பயன்படுமானால் இதை எல்லோருக்கும் பகிர்ந்து கொள்ளுங்கள்.

இலவச இணைய மின் நூலகங்கள்:
(http://freecomputerbooks.com/)
cdl.library.cornell.edu/ (http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/)selected digital collections of historical significance.
bookboon.com/in (http://bookboon.com/in) you can download free books for students and travelers
arxiv.org/ (http://arxiv.org/)-Open access to e-prints in Physics, Mathematics, Computer Science, Quantitative Biology, Quantitative Finance and Statistics
bookmooch.com/ (http://bookmooch.com/) -புத்தகங்களை இங்கே பரிமாறிக்கொள்ளலாம்
மதுரை தமிழ் இலக்கிய மின் தொகுப்புத் திட்டம் (http://pm.tamil.net/akaram_uni.html)
நூலகம் (http://noolaham.org/wiki/index.php/முதற்_பக்கம்?uselang=en)-இலங்கைத் தமிழ் இலக்கிய மின் பதிவுகள்.
TAMIL E-BOOKS DOWNLOADS (http://tamilebooksdownloads.blogspot.com/)
knowledge at fingertips (http://aha-online.blogspot.com/…/knowledge-at-fingertips.ht…)
tamilvu.org (http://www.tamilvu.org/library/libcontnt.htm)- தமிழ் இணைய பல்கலை கழக நூலகம்
தமிழ் புத்தகங்கள் புதினங்கள் இங்கே (http://ramanichandrannovels.blogspot.com/) வாசிக்கலாம்.
மின்னணுவியல் பொருட்களின் பயனர் கையேடுகளை (User Manual) இங்கே (http://safemanuals.com/) பெறலாம்.
Electronics Service manual,data-sheets,Schematic diagram (http://www.eserviceinfo.com/)
கணினியியல் நூல்கள் இங்கே இலவசமாக கிடைக்கிறது.
http://ebooks-library.blogspot.com/ (http://ebooks-library.blogspot.com/)
http://www.zillr.org/ (http://www.zillr.org/)
http://freecomputerbooks.com/ (http://freecomputerbooks.com/)
மருத்துவ நூல்கள் இலவசமாக இங்கே (http://freebooks4doctors.com/) பெறலாம்.
http://medicalebooksfree.blogspot.in/
Maran Collects & Shares (http://marancollects.blogspot.com/)-Software related EBooks, Personality Development Books, Audiobooks, IT Certification Materials with Test Engines, Software Video Tutorials, Encyclopedia of All Kinds, Rare Collection of Tamil Songs, Tamil Devotional Songs, Indian Instrumentals & Many More.

The power of non verbal communication ......


A virtual reality brain training game can detect mild cognitive impairment


Virtual reality game-based applications and especially virtual supermarkets have been used as cognitive training applications and as measures of cognitive functions, although it has been shown that they can detect MCI only when used in combination with standardized neuropsychological tests.
However scientists have succeeded in making the shift to MCI screening via robust virtual reality game applications that can be used on their own for accurate MCI detection.
In an article published in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, the researchers have indicated that the virtual supermarket (VSM) application displayed a correct classification rate (CCR) of 87.30%, achieving a level of diagnostic accuracy similar to standardized neuropsychological tests, which are the gold standard for MCI screening.
The use of the VSM as a robust screening test could have profound implications for the diagnosis and treatment of MCI, the most important of which is the possibility for automated remote MCI screening. The performance of older adults playing such a game at home could be monitored and an algorithm embedded in the game could inform them when their performance suggests possible cognitive impairment due to MCI, prompting them to visit an appropriate health service. Such a system would have the ability to screen the majority of older adults effectively, while at the same time minimizing examination costs.

Which writing style is your's?


Tuesday, January 20, 2015

Payoff-based learning explains the decline in cooperation in public goods games


Maxwell N. Burton-Chellew, Heinrich H. Nax, Stuart A. West
Abstract
Economic games such as the public goods game are increasingly being used to measure social behaviours in humans and non-human primates. The results of such games have been used to argue that people are pro-social, and that humans are uniquely altruistic, willingly sacrificing their own welfare in order to benefit others. However, an alternative explanation for the empirical observations is that individuals are mistaken, but learn, during the game, how to improve their personal payoff. We test between these competing hypotheses, by comparing the explanatory power of different behavioural rules, in public goods games, where individuals are given different amounts of information. We find: (i) that individual behaviour is best explained by a learning rule that is trying to maximize personal income; (ii) that conditional cooperation disappears when the consequences of cooperation are made clearer; and (iii) that social preferences, if they exist, are more anti-social than pro-social.