Sai Baba is Sakshat Parabrahma

How computers work

How mechanical mouse works?

Mouse allows quick and easy access to many icons and operations on the computer, such as selecting from a list of possible actions (menu), work with Windows and moving files. when you move the mouse, the rubber ball turns and runs two rollers, both associated with wheel with slots. light-emitting diode (LED) sends light through the slits and transducers convert light into an electrical signal. Pressing the button will send additional information to the computer.

1. Roller - Roller turns by turning the rubber ball back and forth
2. Rubber Ball - The ball is turning when you run the mouse over the surface
3. Moving Roller
4. Slotted wheel - This wheel with the slots associated with vertical rollers.
5. Light emitting diode
6. Converter
7. Cable coupling
8. Plastic housing
9. Cable - cable connects the mouse to the computer through input on your computer
10. Chip - The chip processes data from the transducer movement and buttons before it transmitt them to computer
11. Right button - The button pressing their work to encourage the chip and the chip sends signals to the computer
12. Roller - This is moved by rotation of Roller balls

1. Wheel with slots - when the wheel rotates, the movement of the slot next to the diode produces light flashes
2. Light-emitting diode (LED) - LED sends light through the slits on the outer edge of the wheel
3. Converter - Converter code flashes of light into electrical signals.
4. Roller Lever - Lever roller transfers spins on the wheel with slits.

How hard disc works?

The area of data storage is a set of flat plates coated with magnetized lining.Data is stored as a series of coordinated magnetized area inside lining, called "domains". To read the data or write, a device called an executive device moves heads to read or write to position, vertical compared to the disk, while the plates spinning at high speed. Then, the signals are sent to the head, or the head  receives signal, which records or reads data.

1.FAT - in one part of the disc, in space to store files, information about the location of all files on the disk are stored.
2.Head "write-read" - Head reads and writes data hovering 0.002 mm above the plate surface
3.Lever of executive devices - Each head is "read-write" device placed on the light handle that rotates around the pin at one end and runs heads harmonized
4.Data cable - Trough this cable data flow between the hard disk, and devices that we call the "Master Disc". This device manages plates spins and data flow between the heads, "read-write" and the opposite of it and the executive devices.
5.Block devices executive - executive device receives a continuous flow of instructions to run the "read-write" heads.It can start running heads up to 50 times per second.
6.Magnet
7.Movable coil - coil turns inside of the permanent magnet in the center of the executive device. When an electrical impulse reaches the coil, causes her turn, and this in return causes shift of the lever of executive device.
8.Sector - on each track there are several sectors
9.Step motor - This motor is turning plates with speed of several thousand spins per minute
10.Track - Before first use, magnetized coating on each panel shares on the concentric tracks using special signal from the computer, a process called formatting.
11.A set of plates - information is stored on both of their sides.

Read-write Head - Once the head is correctly positioned, the magnet on top of her sends electrical pulses to ensure that the data will be written into proper sector.Binar data (0 and 1), encoded by electric current direction change, turnin into harmonized patterns in the "domains". The data from the disc is read the reversing the procedure, ie the passage of "domain" below the electromagnet, which induces a current in the wire.

1.Electromagnet - When data is written to disk, electrical impulses arriving there, produce magnetic fields that align "domains" on the track below.
2.Wire - this wire transfer written or read data registered between "read-write" head and the supervisory mechanism of the disk.
3."Domains" with data - Each domain is arranged in one of two possible directions. Changing direction in relation to the previous position of "domains" means 1, and when there is no change means zero.
4.Freely ordered "domains" - Where on the disc were never even written data, "domains" are freely ordered.

How touch-sensitive devices work?

Technologies of touch-sensitive devices to  control a computer are developed in two directions. First, the monitor can act as a measuring sensor and respond to the tip of your finger or other object and turn the touch into an electrical signal. monitor systems that respond to touch, are widely used in the management of automated counters and other movements that require gentle control. Another solution is to use plastic pads as measurement sensors. First, they were widely used with graphic panels, and today have become an integral part of many laptop computers. Movement of finger
rectangular pad stimulates identical run the cursor on the monitor. In most of these measuring senses moving fingers changes the distribution of electric voltage in switches of pad causing large differences in electrical signals. With the use of pads that respond to touch,moving cursor can reach the speed of up to 100 cm per second.


The system of touch-sensitive monitors - Electricity, released through the coating on the base layer of glass, produces a static electric field. Touching the monitors interfere with the field, and these changes the processor graphicaly displays.

1.Base layer of glass - The glass is coated with transparent electro enforceable material
2.Image Processor - The processor constantly scans an image of the electrostatic field. when changes occur in the image, processor makes calculation of coordinates.
3.The appearance of the electric field - a layer of conducting electricity with register changes in electrical voltage caused by touch.
4.The front layer of glass - the glass is electrically low voltage field that is changeable at the touch of a finger.

The Best and the Brightest

New York City's bid to attract science talent could serve as a model for other cities

By Michael R. Bloomberg  

Image: Illustration by Thomas Fuchs

Two hundred years ago it was enough to rely on natural advantages to build a great city. Cities were built on the intersections of rivers or along gentle bays that launched commerce and trade on mighty oceans. Those days are long gone. Today our greatest competitive advantages are the qualities that attract the best and brightest from around the world to come here: our freedom, our diversity, our tolerance and our dynamism.

New York became the world’s greatest city because New Yorkers dared to dream it and build it. Today we are looking far into the future once again—and launching one of the most promising economic development initiatives in the city’s long history.

This summer we released a Request for Proposals to universities to provide prime New York City real estate, plus up to $100 million in infrastructure upgrades, in exchange for a university’s commitment to build or expand a world-class science and engineering campus here in our city.

This is not the first time government has offered land and funding in exchange for university development. In 1862 the U.S. government created a land grant program for the creation of new universities. President Abraham Lincoln and Congress sought to promote innovation and expertise in agriculture and engineering—because they knew those fields were critical to the nation’s economic growth. Cornell University, M.I.T., the University of California, Berkeley, the University of Michigan and many other major universities grew out of that land grant program, and along with them came pioneering discoveries that helped America become the world’s largest economy.*

For most of our history, New York City was the technology capital of the U.S. and of the world. When Robert Fulton built the first commercially viable steamship in 1806, he spawned a shipping industry that would employ countless New Yorkers for generations to come. The discoveries and innovations of Fulton, Samuel Morse, Charles Pfizer and Alexander Graham Bell, among many others, fueled the industries that employed generations of New Yorkers. We became the country’s economic engine because our entrepreneurs were the most innovative, and their ideas and investments built our city into a global powerhouse.

But despite that legacy of innovation, like most American cities, New York struggled in the face of fundamental changes to the national economy. In expanding New York’s applied science capabilities, what we are proposing is our most ambitious attempt yet to counteract a decades-long economic trend that once threatened the very future of American cities.

Between 1966 and 2001, New York City went from about 800,000 jobs in manufacturing to about 150,000. Three out of every four jobs were lost—most of them middle-class jobs that did not require a college degree. Although New York fared far better than the nation as a whole, at the same time our economic health became ever more dependent on Wall Street’s booms and busts.

When I came into office in 2002, we committed to diversifying New York’s economy, and when the markets collapsed in 2008 we made a decision to double-down on that strategy. We held meetings with industry leaders in every major sector of our economy to understand what more we could do to help. We asked CEOs, entrepreneurs, university leaders, and other major employers what their key needs were—and the most common refrain we heard was: technology capacity is critical to our growth—and there is just not enough of it here.

In the past several decades, places such as Boston and Silicon Valley had surpassed New York as America’s innovation hub. That trend, however, is reversing. Last year we passed Boston to become the second-largest recipient of venture capital funding for technology start-ups, behind only Silicon Valley. Boston leaped ahead of us historically, mostly for one reason: the strength of its research institutions, especially M.I.T. Every year researchers there develop technological advances that are spun off into new businesses. In fact, active companies founded by M.I.T graduates generate annual revenues of about $2 trillion. That’s roughly equal to the GDP of Brazil, the seventh-largest economy in the world.

We estimate that in its first 30 years, a new applied science campus in New York could spin off some 400 new companies and create more than 7,000 construction jobs and more than 22,000 permanent jobs. With this important applied sciences and engineering initiative, we will ensure that New York City will be at the forefront of America’s innovation economy for generations to come.