amudu

Tuesday, January 29, 2019

தற்கொலைகளை தடுக்கக் கூடிய மனசக்தி குறைவாகவே காணப்படுகிறது

நிறைய தற்கொலைகள் பற்றி பதிவுகள் பார்க்கிறோம்.தற்கொலைகளை தடுக்க கருத்தரங்கு நடத்துவதாலோ, தடுக்க விளம்பரபடுத்துவதாலோ இதனை நிறுத்த முடியாது. சிறு வயதில் இருந்து வெற்றி தோல்வி ஏற்றுக்கொள்ள கூடிய மனப்பாங்கு வளர வேண்டும். சிறு வயதில் இருந்தே விளையாட்டுகளில் ஈடுபடுவதன் மூலம் வெற்றி ,தோல்விகளை தாங்கி கொள்கின்ற மனசக்தி உருவாகும். ஆனால் இப்போது பாடசாலையிலும் சரி ,வீட்டிலும் சரி கல்விக்கே முன்னுரிமை வழங்குகிறார்கள். மாலை நேரத்தில் விளையாட கூடிய சந்தர்ப்பம் குறைவாகவே காணப்படுகிறது.காலை7.30 தொடக்கம் மதியம் 1.30 மட்டும் பாடசாலை கல்வி அதன் பின் மாலை நேர வகுப்பு இதனால் விளையாட கூடிய சந்தர்ப்பம் குறைவாக காணப்படுகிறது. பாடசாலை காலத்தில் இடம்பெறும் இல்ல விளையாட்டு போட்டிகளில் கூட மாணவர்கள் பங்கு பெற சந்தர்ப்பம் குறைந்து விட்டது. ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட சிறிய நேரத்துக்குள் போட்டி தேர்வுகளை நடத்த வேண்டும் என்றும் ,போட்டிகள் மாலை நேரத்தில் வைக்க வேண்டும் கல்வி அலுவலகத்தினால் அறிவுறுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளது. மாலை நேரத்தில் போட்டிகள் வைத்தால் பெரும்பாலும் விளையாடும் வீரர்கள் தவிர வேறு மாணவர்கள் கலந்து கொள்ளமாட்டார்கள். இது பற்றி விளையாட்டு ஆர்வலர்கள் எந்த கருத்தையும் தெரிவிக்கவில்லை . இப்படியான சூழ்நிலைகளினால் புத்தக கல்வியை மட்டுமே மாணவர்கள் கற்றுகொள்கின்றார்கள். வெற்றி, தோல்விகளை கண்டு பக்குவப்படாத சில இளைஞர்கள் தோல்விகளை கண்டதும் மரணிக்க முயற்சி செய்கிறார்கள், நண்பர்களோடு மனம் விட்டு பேசாமல் நண்பர்களோடு விளையாடமல் தொலைபேசிகளில் விளையாடுகிறார்கள். இதனாலும் ஒரு பிரச்சனை வரும் போது அவர்கள் தங்கள் எண்ணங்களை யாரிடம் தெரியப்படுத்துவது என்று தெரியாமலே பல பிரச்சனைகள் எதிர்கொள்கிறார்கள். சிலர் கூறலாம் எங்கள் பிள்ளைகளை ஒவ்வொரு ஞாயிறு தினங்களில் கடற்கரைக்கு கூட்டி சென்று விளையாட விடுகிறோம் என்று சொல்லலாம்.ஆனால் அது அவர்களுக்கு வெற்றி தோல்விக்கான பக்குவத்தை உருவாக்காது. உங்கள் வீட்டில் இரவு நேர உணவு உண்ணும் போது குடும்ப உறுப்பினர்கள் அனைவரும் ஒன்றாக இருந்து சாப்பிடுங்கள், அப்புறம் சிறுது நேரம் அனைவரும் பேசுங்கள். உங்கள் குழந்தைகளில் மாற்றம் காணப்பட்டால் உங்களால் கண்டுப்பிடிக்க முடியும்.

An explanationation of Art Therapy

Art therapy involves the use of creative techniques such as drawing, painting, collage, coloring, or sculpting to help people express themselves artistically and examine the psychological and emotional undertones in their art. With the guidance of a credentialed art therapist, clients can "decode" the nonverbal messages, symbols, and metaphors often found in these art forms, which should lead to a better understanding of their feelings and behavior so they can move on to resolve deeper issues.

When It's Used

Art therapy helps children, adolescents, and adults explore their emotions, improve self-esteem, manage addictions, relieve stress, improve symptoms of anxiety and depression, and cope with a physical illness or disability. Art therapists work with individuals, couples, and groups in a variety of settings, including private counseling, hospitals, wellness centers, correctional institutions, senior centers, and other community organizations. No artistic talent is necessary for art therapy to succeed, because the therapeutic process is not about the artistic value of the work, but rather about finding associations between the creative choices made and a client's inner life. The artwork can be used as a springboard for reawakening memories and telling stories that may reveal messages and beliefs from the unconscious mind.

What to Expect

As with any form of therapy, your first session will consist of your talking to the therapist about why you want to find help and learning what the therapist has to offer. Together, you will come up with a treatment plan that involves creating some form of artwork. Once you begin creating, the therapist may, at times, simply observe your process as you work, without interference or judgment. When you have finished a piece of artwork—and sometimes while you are still working on it—the therapist will ask you questions along the lines of how you feel about the artistic process, what was easy or difficult about creating your artwork, and what thoughts or memories you may have had while you were working. Generally, the therapist will ask about your experience and feelings before providing any observations.

How It Works

Art therapy is founded on the belief that self-expression through artistic creation has therapeutic value for those who are healing or seeking deeper understanding of themselves and their personalities. According to the American Art Therapy Association, art therapists are trained to understand the roles that color, texture, and various art media can play in the therapeutic process and how these tools can help reveal one’s thoughts, feelings, and psychological disposition. Art therapy integrates psychotherapy and some form of visual arts as a specific, stand-alone form of therapy, but it is also used in combination with other types of therapy.

What to Look for in an Art Therapist

An art therapist has the minimum of a master’s degree, generally from an integrated program in psychotherapy and visual arts at an educational institution accredited by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA). The initials ATR after a therapist’s name means he or she is registered with the Art Therapy Credentials Board (ATCB). The initials ATR-BC means the therapist is not only registered but has passed an examination to become board-certified by the ATCB.

Sunday, January 27, 2019

How Reinforced Column Failures occur

There are three modes of failure of concrete columns (compression members) i.e. failure due to pure compression, combined compression and elastic instability. These modes of failures of concrete compression members are discussed.

Reinforced concrete column is a compression member and transfers the loads from structure to the ground through foundations. There are three types of concrete columns based on its height and lateral dimension.

Long columns are those whose ratio of height to least lateral dimension is more than 12. When the height to least lateral dimension is less than 3, it is called a pedestal and if it is between 3 and 12, it is called as a short column.

The load carrying capacity and modes of failure of a reinforced concrete column is based on the slenderness ratio. Slenderness ratio is the ratio of the effective length Le and least lateral dimension of the column as per Indian and British Standards.

But as per American Concrete Institute Code of Practice, the slenderness ratio is defined as the ratio of effective length of column to its radius of gyration, which is same as used for structural steel design as per IS Code. Effective length of a column depends on its support conditions at ends.

Different Failure Modes of Concrete Columns – Compression Members

Based on the slenderness ratio of the column, there are three modes of failure of reinforced concrete columns. The columns are assumed to be centrally loaded (no eccentric loads).

Mode – 1: Column Failure due to Pure Compression:

When reinforced concrete columns are axially loaded, the reinforcement steel and concrete experiences stresses. When the loads are high compared to cross-sectional area of the column, the steel and concrete reach the yield stress and column fails without undergoing any lateral deformation.

The concrete column is crushed and collapse of the column is due to the material failure. To overcome this, the concrete column should have sufficient cross-sectional area, so that the stress is under the specified limit.

This type of failure is generally seen in case of pedestals whose height to least lateral dimension is less than 3 and does not experience bending due to axial loads.

Mode – 2: Column Failure due to Combined Compression and Failure:

Short columns are commonly subjected to axial loads, lateral loads and moments. Short columns under the action of lateral loads and moments undergo lateral deflection and bending. Long columns undergo lateral deflection and bending even when they are only axially loaded.

Under such circumstances when the stresses in steel and concrete reach their yield stress, material failure happens and RCC column fails. This type of failure is called combined compression and bending failure.

Mode – 3: Column Failure due to Elastic Instability:

Long columns are very slender, i.e. its effective length to least lateral dimension is more than 12. Under such condition, the load carrying capacity of reinforced concrete columns reduces drastically for given cross-sectional area and percentage of reinforcement steel.

When such type of concrete columns are subjected to even small loads, they tend to become unstable and buckle to any side. So, the reinforcement steel and concrete in such cases reach their yield stress even for small loads and fail due to lateral elastic buckling.

This type of failure is unacceptable in practical concrete constructions. Code prevents usage of such long columns for slenderness ratio greater than 30 (for unbraced columns) for the use in concrete structures.

There are a number of reasons:

The engineer forgot to include additional load during construction, which could govern the design than the expected load in the completed building.
Faulty construction practice. Examples are when erecting steel beam, it accidentally hits column or beam that is already in place and contractor forgot to ensure stability of the building during construction when only parts of the building are in place (the entire building cannot be placed at the same time, we need construction/erection sequence during which the contractor is responsible for the stability of the erected/constructed parts)
During severe earthquakes, i.e. the ones of which response spectrum far above design spectrum, beams are expected to exhibit in-elastic behaviour (but not columns), if the lateral system is moment frame system. This is permitted as long as the building remains standing - the goal is to save lives or at least to mitigate loss of life, not to save the building.
After construction is completed, the beam carries bigger load, not accounted in the design and/or changes are made in structural components without engineer approval or the engineer in charge did not realize the implication of changes. Examples are the failure of Sampoong Department Store in Seoul, Korea and failure suspended walkway of Hyatt Regency in Kansas City (you can google for more detail).
Design error from human made error, i.e. mistakes in calculating forces (applied and internal forces), beam structural properties, steel grade of steel beam, amount and anchorage of reinforcement of concrete beams, connection detail of steel beams with columns.