Oxidation is a chemical reaction in which a substance loses
electrons, becoming more positively charged. This process can occur when a
substance reacts with oxygen or other electronegative elements. The most common
example of oxidation is the rusting of iron when it reacts with oxygen in the
presence of moisture.
In living organisms, oxidation is a crucial
part of various physiological processes. For example, it is involved in the
breakdown of nutrients to release energy in cells. However, oxidation can also
lead to the production of harmful byproducts known as free radicals.
Free Radicals:
Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that contain
unpaired electrons. They are produced naturally in the body during normal
metabolic processes or can be generated due to external factors like pollution,
radiation, or unhealthy lifestyles (e.g., smoking). These free radicals are
unstable and can cause damage to cells and tissues by reacting with and
stealing electrons from other molecules in the body, leading to a chain
reaction of cellular damage.
Antioxidants:
Antioxidants are substances that can neutralize free
radicals by donating electrons without becoming unstable themselves. They act
as a defence system against the harmful effects of oxidative stress caused by
free radicals. Antioxidants play a crucial role in maintaining the overall
health and function of cells and tissues in the body.
The body has its own antioxidant defence system, including
enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, which
help counteract the harmful effects of free radicals. Additionally, many
antioxidants are obtained from the diet, including vitamins C and E,
beta-carotene, selenium, and various phytochemicals found in fruits, vegetables,
nuts, and seeds.
Importance of Antioxidants:
Having an adequate intake of antioxidants is important
because excessive free radicals can lead to oxidative stress, which has been
linked to various health issues, including:
Ageing: Oxidative stress is considered one of the
contributing factors to the ageing process.
Chronic Diseases: It has been associated with several
chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and
neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
Inflammation: Oxidative stress can trigger inflammation,
which is involved in many diseases.
Cellular Damage: Oxidative stress can damage cellular
components like DNA, proteins, and lipids, impairing cell function
and potential mutations.
In summary, oxidation is a chemical reaction involving the
loss of electrons, and it can produce harmful free radicals. Antioxidants are
essential in neutralizing these free radicals and protecting the body from the
potential damage they can cause. Eating a balanced diet rich in antioxidants is
a key part of maintaining good health and reducing the risk of various diseases
associated with oxidative stress.
Stinging nettle, scientifically known as Urtica dioica, is a
perennial flowering plant that has been used for centuries due to its numerous
health benefits. Despite its reputation for causing a painful sting when
touched, stinging nettle offers a range of advantages when properly processed
and utilized. From its rich nutrient profile to its potential therapeutic
properties, here are some of the benefits associated with stinging nettle:
Nutritional Value: Stinging nettle is a nutrient powerhouse,
containing an array of vitamins and minerals. It is particularly rich in
vitamins A, C, and K, as well as iron, calcium, magnesium, and potassium.
Including stinging nettle in your diet can help meet your daily nutritional
requirements.
Anti-inflammatory Properties: Stinging nettle possesses
anti-inflammatory properties that have been utilized in traditional medicine.
It contains compounds like flavonoids and carotenoids that help reduce
inflammation in the body. This makes it potentially beneficial for managing conditions
such as arthritis, gout, and allergic reactions.
Allergy Relief: Stinging nettle has long been used as a
natural remedy for allergies, especially hay fever. Research suggests that the
plant can inhibit the production of histamine, a substance that triggers
allergic reactions. Consuming stinging nettle or using it in the form of a
herbal supplement may help alleviate symptoms like sneezing, itching, and nasal
congestion.
Prostate Health: Extracts from stinging nettle root have
been studied for their potential benefits in supporting prostate health. They
may help reduce the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a common
condition characterized by an enlarged prostate gland. Stinging nettle extract
can help improve urinary flow and alleviate discomfort associated with BPH.
Blood Sugar Control: Preliminary research suggests that
stinging nettle may play a role in managing blood sugar levels. Some studies
have shown that stinging nettle leaf extract can improve glucose metabolism and
enhance insulin sensitivity. However, more research is needed to fully
understand its effects on diabetes management.
Skin Health: Topical application of stinging nettle has been
used to address various skin conditions. It can provide relief from itching,
irritation, and inflammation associated with eczema, dermatitis, and insect
bites. Stinging nettle extracts or creams can be applied directly to the
affected area to soothe the skin and promote healing.
Rich in Antioxidants: Stinging nettle contains a variety of
antioxidants, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and vitamin C. These
antioxidants help neutralize harmful free radicals in the body, reducing
oxidative stress and potentially lowering the risk of chronic diseases.
Detoxification Support: Stinging nettle has diuretic
properties, meaning it promotes urine production and can aid in flushing out
toxins from the body. It may support kidney function and help cleanse the
urinary system, thereby contributing to overall detoxification.
Bone Health: The high mineral content of stinging nettle,
including calcium, magnesium, and silica, makes it beneficial for maintaining
strong and healthy bones. Regular consumption of stinging nettle, either in the
form of tea or supplements, may help prevent osteoporosis and improve bone
density.
Culinary and Culinary Uses: Stinging nettle can be used in
various culinary preparations. Young nettle leaves can be blanched or steamed
and used as a nutrient-rich ingredient in soups, stews, pesto, and teas. It
offers a unique flavor profile and adds a nutritional boost to your meals.
Despite its potential benefits, it's important to note that
stinging nettle may cause allergic reactions in some individuals. It is
advisable to consult a healthcare professional before incorporating it into
your diet or using it for medicinal purposes, especially if you have
A cancer risk factor increases a person’s chance of getting cancer. Yet most risk factors do not directly cause cancer. Some people with several risk factors never develop cancer. And others with no known risk factors do.
Knowing your risk factors and discussing them with your healthcare team is essential. It will help you make better lifestyle choices to improve your health. This information could also help your doctor decide if you need genetic testing and counselling (see below).
General risk factors for cancer include:
Older age
A personal or family history of cancer
Using tobacco
Obesity
Alcohol
Some types of viral infections, such as human papillomavirus (HPV)
Specific chemicals
Exposure to radiation, including ultraviolet radiation from the sun
You can avoid some risk factors by stopping risky behaviours. These include using tobacco and alcohol, being overweight, and getting multiple sunburns. Other risk factors cannot be avoided, such as getting older. Learn about the risk factors for certain types of cancer.
Risk factors and cancer screening
Understanding your risk for cancer can help your doctor decide whether you could benefit from the following:
A cancer screening test, such as a mammogram or colonoscopy
A screening test at an earlier age and more often than routine screening
Surgery or medication to lower your cancer risk
For example, a woman whose mother had breast cancer is at least twice as likely to have breast cancer than a woman who does not have the same family history. Some women have strong family histories or genetic mutations linked to breast cancer. Since they are at a very high risk of breast cancer, they may remove their breasts to prevent cancer. This surgery appears to lower the risk of breast cancer by at least 95%. Also, these women may take medicine to lower the risk of breast cancer.
People with a strong family history of cancer may consider genetic testing. Your doctor or genetic counsellor can discuss getting specific genetic tests. They can tell you your risk of getting cancer based on your family history and other factors.
Understanding the difference between absolute and relative risk
Doctors use absolute and relative risk to assess if a person's risk is higher or lower than that of the general population or a specific group.
Absolute risk is the chance of a person developing a disease during a given time. This identifies how many people are at risk for disease in the general population.
For instance, consider the statement, “1 out of 8 women (12.5%) will get breast cancer in her lifetime.” This describes the absolute risk for the general population of women. It cannot identify the risk for a certain person or group. For example, absolute risk cannot show if a group of older women has a higher risk of breast cancer than younger women.
Relative risk compares the risk of disease between two groups of people. It resembles one group with a specific risk factor for a disease to another group’s threat.
For instance, imagine you are comparing the risk of breast cancer among 2 groups of 100 women. But only the women in 1 group have a particular risk factor for breast cancer. The other group of women does not have this risk factor. Researchers track how many people from each group develop cancer over time. Let’s say they find that 2 women with the same risk factor get cancer. But only 1 woman without this risk factor gets cancer. Then those in the first group have 2 times the risk of the second group. This is a 100% increase in relative risk. However, the absolute risk would be 2% or 2 out of 100 people.
Patients can use risk measurements to make better lifestyle choices or cancer screening choices. It is also important to know the difference between absolute and relative risk. For instance, the relative risk in the last example might sound high. It identified a person’s relative risk of developing cancer by 100%. But look at the absolute risk to get a more complete picture. That is, 1 person in 100 compared to 2 people in 100. If you want to compare the research you hear about in the news to your own situation, ensure you find the absolute risk. Most research studies report relative risks. This can make the risk sound higher than it actually is.
Recent research suggests that metformin, a medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes, may have the ability to slow down the aging process by activating cellular pathways through AMPK that promote youthful cellular functioning, making it a promising candidate for an anti-aging drug. This is particularly good news for individuals with diabetes, as high blood glucose levels not only cause insulin resistance but also accelerate the aging process. Furthermore, studies have shown that metformin has benefits beyond regulating glucose levels and treating diabetes, including protection against cancer and cardiovascular disease, neuroprotection, and weight loss by regulating AMPK-activated pathways that promote healthy metabolism.
Is it possible that a commonly used medication for diabetes could also have anti-aging benefits?
Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is a small molecule naturally
present in our body. During ageing, levels of AKG decline.
Alpha-ketoglutarate is used by the mitochondria, which
convert this substance into energy, but alpha-ketoglutarate has various other
functions in the body.
How alpha-ketoglutarate extends lifespan
Alpha-ketoglutarate has multiple effects on the ageing
process. Firstly, it has epigenetic effects, which impact the
molecular machinery surrounding DNA that determines which genes are activated
or suppressed. As we age, the epigenome becomes dysregulated, which contributes
to ageing. Alpha-ketoglutarate can help to regulate the epigenome by activating
the TET enzyme, which requires vitamin C to function properly. Also,
alpha-ketoglutarate is involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism and
can help cells maintain metabolic flexibility. It also improves mitochondrial
health and activates AMPK, which is important for metabolic and longevity
regulation.
Furthermore, alpha-ketoglutarate aids the body in detoxification by
helping to eliminate ammonia, a waste product that can accumulate in the body.
It may also provide energy and endurance by fueling the mitochondria. Alpha-ketoglutarate
is involved in maintaining stem cell health and bone and gut metabolism, and
calcium alpha-ketoglutarate can aid in collagen production and reduce fibrosis,
promoting healthy, youthful skin.
Are you feeling overwhelmed and fatigued? The blame might be
placed on cortisol, the infamous "stress hormone".
Many theories and pieces of information are circulating about cortisol, such as the idea that drinking tea or eating
chocolate can lower its levels. However, the reality is more complex than that.
According to Dr. Yufang Lin, an integrative medicine practitioner, while
nutrition is crucial for managing stress and promoting a healthy mood, no single food can accomplish this goal. Instead, a comprehensive approach
that considers all aspects of one's lifestyle is necessary.
Cortisol and stress
The basics Cortisol is one of several natural hormones the body produces. Cortisol levels do go up when you’re stressed. But it doesn’t deserve its bad rap.
“Cortisol supports overall health,” Dr. Lin says. “It helps us wake up, gives us energy during the day and lowers at night to help us sleep and rest.”
The problem arises when chronic stress keeps cortisol levels high for the long haul. High cortisol levels over weeks or months can lead to inflammation and mental and physical health problems, from anxiety to weight gain to heart disease.
While some studies suggest that certain foods, including
tea, chocolate, and fish oils, may lower cortisol levels, Dr. Lin notes that
such studies are often small and inconclusive.
Consuming anchovies on pizza or eating a block of chocolate
is unlikely to balance cortisol levels. However, good nutrition can make a
difference, as cortisol interacts with neurotransmitters that play a
significant role in mood. In addition to cortisol, other compounds can also
affect neurotransmitters. To create these neurotransmitters, the body requires
all of the necessary raw materials, including vitamins, minerals, and other
nutrients, according to Dr. Lin.
She suggests following a balanced, plant-heavy diet, such as
the Mediterranean diet, to obtain these nutrients. A healthy diet, according to
Dr. Lin, is the foundation of stress management. A balanced meal plan can also ensure the body receives the necessary nutrients. Dr. Lin
recommends speaking with a doctor about taking a basic multivitamin as a form
of insurance to avoid vitamin deficiencies.
Autophagy is a self-degradative process that is important for balancing sources of energy at critical times in development and in response to nutrient stress. Autophagy also plays a housekeeping role in removing misfolded or aggregated proteins, clearing damaged organelles, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomes, as well as eliminating intracellular pathogens. Thus, autophagy is generally thought of as a survival mechanism, although its deregulation has been linked to non-apoptotic cell death. Autophagy can be either non-selective or selective in the removal of specific organelles, ribosomes and protein aggregates, although the mechanisms regulating aspects of selective autophagy are not fully worked out. In addition to elimination of intracellular aggregates and damaged organelles, autophagy promotes cellular senescence and cell surface antigen presentation, protects against genome instability and prevents necrosis, giving it a key role in preventing diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, cardiomyopathy, diabetes, liver disease, autoimmune diseases and infections. This review summarizes the most up-to-date findings on how autophagy is executed and regulated at the molecular level and how its disruption can lead to disease.
What is autophagy?
Autophagy (pronounced “ah-TAH-fah-gee”) is your body’s process of reusing old and damaged cell parts. Cells are the basic building blocks of every tissue and organ in your body. Each cell contains multiple parts that keep it functioning. Over time, these parts can become defective or stop working. They become litter, or junk, inside an otherwise healthy cell.
Autophagy is your body’s cellular recycling system. It allows a cell to disassemble its junk parts and repurpose the salvageable bits and pieces into new, usable cell parts. A cell can discard the parts it doesn’t need.
Autophagy is also quality control for your cells. Too many junk components in a cell take up space and can slow or prevent a cell from functioning correctly. Autophagy remakes the clutter into the selected cell components you need, optimizing your cells’ performance.
Why is autophagy important?
Autophagy is essential for a cell to survive and function. Autophagy:
Recycles damaged cell parts into fully functioning cell parts.
Gets rid of nonfunctional cell parts that take up space and slow performance.
Destroys pathogens in a cell that can damage it, like viruses and bacteria.
Autophagy plays an important role when it comes to aging and longevity, too. As a person ages, autophagy decreases, which can lead to a build-up of cellular junk parts and, in turn, cells that aren’t functioning at their best.
What happens during autophagy?
Autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) make autophagy possible. ATGs cause structures called autophagosomes to form. Autophagosomes carry the junk cell pieces to a part of the cell called a lysosome. A lysosome’s job is to digest or break down other cell parts.
Imagine lysosomes — part of a cell — eating other parts of the cell. The word “autophagy” is a combination of two Greek words translated to mean “self-devouring”:
“Autos” means self.
“Phagomai” means to eat.
Lysosomes eat the junk cell parts and then release the reusable bits and pieces. The cells use these raw materials to make new parts.
What causes autophagy?
Autophagy occurs when your body’s cells are deprived of nutrients or oxygen or if they’re damaged in some way.
Think of it this way: Autophagy is a recycling process that makes the most of a cell’s already-existing energy resources. The process ramps up when your body has to make the most of these resources because your cells aren’t getting them from an outside source.
With autophagy, a cell essentially eats itself to survive. The bonus is that this survival process can lead to cells that work more efficiently.
Can you induce autophagy?
You can induce autophagy by stressing your cells to send them into survival mode. You can induce autophagy through:
Fasting: Fasting means that you stop eating for a certain amount of time. Fasting deprives your body of nutrients, forcing it to repurpose cell components to function.
Calorie restriction: Restricting your calories means decreasing the number of energy units, or calories, your body consumes. Instead of depriving your body of calories completely (as with fasting), you limit them. This forces your cells into autophagy to compensate for the lost nutrients.
Switching to a high-fat, low-carb diet: This type of diet, commonly referred to as a keto diet, changes the way your body burns energy, so that instead of burning carbs or sugar for energy, it burns fat instead. This switch can trigger autophagy.
Exercise: Exercise stimulates processes that increase the activity of ATGs, such as stressing your skeletal muscles. Exercise can induce autophagy, depending on the type of exercise you’re doing and its intensity.
Still, being able to induce autophagy doesn’t mean you should. For instance, fasting, calorie restriction or switching to a keto diet may not be safe if you’re pregnant, breastfeeding or if you have a condition like diabetes. Similarly, you shouldn’t begin a vigorous exercise routine without consulting a healthcare provider.
How long do you have to fast for autophagy to occur?
Studies involving animals suggest that autophagy may begin between 24 to 48 hours of fasting. Not enough research has been collected on the ideal timing to trigger human autophagy.
Talk to a healthcare provider if you’re considering significant changes to your diet, like fasting. While fasting may be a good option for some people, it may put others’ health at risk. Don’t risk it.
What is the relationship between autophagy and disease?
Scientists once thought of autophagy as housekeeping — your cells’ way of tidying up to survive and function correctly. Within the past 20 years, scientists have discovered that autophagy may also play an important role in preventing and responding to disease.
What foods inhibit autophagy?
Interestingly, protein-based beverages may decrease autophagy activity. In a randomized control crossover trial, eight males were administered different protein/carb beverages after completing a 36-hour fast. A marker of autophagy activity (LC3II/LC3I ratio) was measured during the fasting vs. the non-fasting periods. A decrease in autophagy occurred when the men sipped on the protein-rich beverages (leucine-rich whey or soy-based protein) but not the carbohydrate-rich ones. The researchers noted that these findings align with rodent studies where branched-chain amino acids tend to suppress autophagy during catabolic conditions (like fasting). Glucose, on the other hand, does not impact autophagy.
Foods that promote autophagy
Lately, recent studies demonstrate that polyphenols, beneficial compounds found in plants, may play a role in inducing autophagy. Polyphenols stimulate various pathways, which can lead to autophagy and a longer lifespan.[3] For example, resveratrol is a common autophagy inducer found in grape skins and nuts. Other polyphenols include quercetin, green tea catechins, and curcumin. The following foods contain polyphenols that promote autophagy:
Green tea
Grape skin (red wine)
Nuts
Onions
Apples
Berries
Turmeric
Soybeans
Milk thistle
A summary of what we know about autophagy:
Autophagy is a form of cellular housekeeping in which misfolded proteins, damaged organelles, and pathogens are degraded and removed from cells.
Autophagy plays a critical role in many areas of health, and like many physiological processes in the body, autophagy declines with age.
Calorie restriction, fasting, and exercise are all potent inducers of autophagy.
Polyphenols, beneficial compounds found in plants, may also play a role in inducing autophagy.
Only a handful of studies measuring fasting and autophagy exist in humans. More research is needed to fully understand the benefits and implications of autophagy. Thanks https://my.clevelandclinic.org/,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/,https://www.frontiersin.org/
வாசி தட்டும் இடமெல்லாம் -வர்மம் அதாவது வர்மம் என்றால் உயிர் நிலைகளின் ஓட்டம் என்று பொருள். இதை சித்த மருத்துவத்திற்கும், வர்மக்கலைக்கும் பயன்படுத்தலாம். இடகலை, பிங்கலை, சுழு முனை நாடிகள், தச வாயுக்கள், சரங்களின் ஓட்டமே -வர்மம்
அகத்தியர் வர்ம சூட்சமத்தை அளவு நூல் மூலம் அளந்து தெரியப்படுத்தியதுடன் வர்மப் புள்ளிகள் தான் மனித உடலை இயக்குகின்றன. இவைதான் மனித உடலுக்கு ஆதாரமாக இருப்பவை. இவை பாதிக்கப்பட்டால் மனித உடலின் இயங்கும் தன்மை முற்றிலும் பாதிக்கப்படும் என்பதை ஆணித்தரமாக கூறினார். காரணம் வர்மப் புள்ளிகள் அனைத்தும் ஒடுங்கியிருக்கும் இடங்களில்தான் உயிர்நிலை சுவாசமும் ஒடுங்கியுள்ளது.
மனித உடலில் 108 வர்மப் புள்ளிகளாக அதாவது உயிர்நிலை சுவாசமாக ஒடுங்கியுள்ளது. இந்த வர்மப் புள்ளிகளின் ஏதாவது ஒன்று பாதிக்கப் படுமானால் உடலில் நோய் உண்டாகும். இவற்றை சீர் செய்வதன் மூலம் தான் நோயைத் தீர்க்க முடியும். உதாரணமாக உடம்பில் ஏதாவது ஒரு இடத்தில் பாதிப்பு ஏற்பட்டாலோ அல்லது நோயின் தாக்குதல் இருந்தாலோ அது வர்மப் புள்ளிகளை சார்ந்துதான் இருக்கும்.
வர்ம கலையை அகத்தியர் நான்கு பிரிவுகளாக பிரிக்கிறார் அவை:
தொடு வர்மம்:
இது பலமாக தாக்க படுவதன் மூலம் ஏற்படுகிறது. இதை எளிதில் குனபடுத்த முடியும்
தட்டு வர்மம்:
இது ஒரே ஒரு விரலை மட்டும் பயன்படுத்தி தாக்கபடுபவரின் உடலில் வலி ஏற்படாமல் மிக லேசாக தட்டுவதன் மூலம் பாதிப்புகளை ஏற்படுத்துவதாகும், நான் ஏற்கனவே கூறியவாறு இம்முறையில் தக்கபடுபவரை இதற்க்கு உரிய தனியான சிகிச்சை முறையில் மட்டுமே குனபடுத்த முடியும்
நோக்கு வர்மம்:
பார்வை ஒரே இடத்தில செலுத்தி விளைவுகளை ஏற்படுத்துவதே நோக்கு வர்மம் ஆகும். இந்த முறை ஆபத்தானது என்று அகத்தியர் குறிப்பிடுகிறார். நோக்கு வர்மம் முறையில் தேர்ச்சி அடைந்தவர்களுக்கு நிகர் உலகில் எவரும் இல்லை என குறிப்பிடுகிறார்
படு வர்மம் :
நான்கு வகை வர்மங்களில் அபாயகரமானது இதுவே, உடலில் உள்ள வர்ம பகுதிகளில் அடியோ தாக்குதலோ ஏற்படுத்தினால் அதுவே படு வர்ம ஆகும். இத்தாக்குதலுக்கு ஆளானவர்கள் உயிரிழக்கும் அபாயம் உள்ளதால் இது மிகவும் ஆபத்தானது என்று அகத்தியர் குறிப்பிடுகிறார்
ஒரு மனிதன் படுவர்மா புள்ளிகளில் அடிபட்டால் உடனே மயங்கி விழுவான் என்று, வாயில் நுரை தள்ளி நாக்கு வெளியே தள்ளும் என்றும், அடிபட்ட இடம் குளிர்ச்சியாக என்றும் குறிப்பிடுகிறார் எல்லோராலையும் இதை செய்து விடமுடியாது. மிகுந்த பயிற்சி உள்ளவரால் மட்டுமே இது இயலும்.
உடலில் உள்ள முக்கியமான வர்ம புள்ளிகளை பட்டியலிடுகிறார் அவை:
* தலைப்பகுதி வர்மங்கள் = 37
* நெஞ்சுப் பகுதி வர்மங்கள் = 13
* உடலின் முன் பகுதி வர்மங்கள் = 15
* முதுகுப் பகுதி வர்மங்கள் = 18
* கைப்பகுதி வர்மங்கள் = 17
* கால் பகுதி வர்மங்கள் = 32
தலைப்பகுதி வர்மங்கள் (37)
திலர்த வர்மம்
கண்ணாடி கால வர்மம்
மூர்த்தி கால வர்மம்
அந்தம் வர்மம்
தும்மிக் கால வர்மம்
பின் சுவாதி வர்மம்
கும்பிடு கால வர்மம்
நட்சத்திர வர்மம்
பால வர்மம்
மேல் கரடி வர்மம்
முன் சுவாதி வர்மம்
நெம வர்மம்
மந்திர கால வர்மம்
பின் வட்டிக் கால வர்மம்
காம்பூதி கால வர்மம்
உள்நாக்கு கால வர்மம்
ஓட்டு வர்மம்
சென்னி வர்மம்
பொய்கைக் கால வர்மம்
அலவாடி வர்மம்
மூக்கடைக்கி கால வர்மம்
கும்பேரிக் கால வர்மம்
நாசிக் கால வர்மம்
வெட்டு வர்மம்
அண்ணாங்கு கால வர்மம்
உறக்க கால வர்மம்
கொக்கி வர்மம்
சங்குதிரி கால வர்மம்
செவிக்குத்தி கால வர்மம்
கொம்பு வர்மம்
சுமைக்கால வர்மம்
தலைப்பாகை வர்மம்
பூட்டெல்லு வர்மம்
மூர்த்தி அடக்க வர்மம்
பிடரி கால வர்மம்
பொச்சை வர்மம்
சரிதி வர்மம்
நெஞ்சுப் பகுதி வர்மங்கள் (13)
தள்ளல் நடுக்குழி வர்மம்
திவளைக் கால வர்மம்
கைபுஜ மூன்றாவது வரி வர்மம்
சுழி ஆடி வர்மம்
அடப்பக்கால வர்மம்
முண்டெல்லு வர்மம்
பெரிய அஸ்தி சுருக்கி வர்மம்
சிறிய அஸ்தி சுருக்கி வர்மம்
ஆனந்த வாசு கால வர்மம்
கதிர் வர்மம்
கதிர் காம வர்மம்
கூம்பு வர்மம்
ஹனுமார் வர்மம்
உடலின் முன் பகுதி வர்மங்கள் (15)
உதிர்க் கால வர்மம்
பள்ளை வர்மம்
மூத்திர கால வர்மம்
குத்து வர்மம்
நேர் வர்மம்
உறுமி கால வர்மம்
ஆமென்ற வர்மம்
தண்டு வர்மம்
லிங்க வர்மம்
ஆண்ட கால வர்மம்
தாலிக வர்மம்
கல்லடைக் கால வர்மம்
காக்கடை கால வர்மம்
புஜ வர்மம்
விதனு மான் வர்மம்
முதுகுப் பகுதி வர்மங்கள் (18)
மேல் சுருக்கி வர்மம்
கைக்குழி காந்தாரி வர்மம்
மேல்க்கைப் பூட்டு வர்மம்
கைச் சிப்பு எலும்பு வர்மம்
பூணூல் கால வர்மம்
வெல்லுறுமி தல்லறுமி வர்மம்
கச்சை வர்மம்
கூச்ச பிரம்ம வர்மம்
சங்கு திரி கால வர்மம்
வலம்புரி இடம்புரி வர்மம்
மேல் சுருக்கு வர்மம்
மேலாக கால வர்மம்
கீழாக கால வர்மம்
தட்டேல்லு வர்மம்
மேலஅண்ட வர்மம்
நாயிருப்பு வர்மம்
கீழ் அண்ட வர்மம்
குத்திக் கால வர்மம்
கைப்பகுதி வர்மங்கள் (17)
வலம்புரி இடம்புரி வர்மம்
தல்லை அடக்க வர்மம்
துதிக்கை வர்மம்
தட்சணக் கால வர்மம்
சுழுக்கு வர்மம்
மூட்டு வர்மம்
மொளியின் வர்மம்
கைக்குசத்திட வர்மம்
உள்ளங்கை வெள்ளை வர்மம்
தொங்கு சதை வர்மம்
மணி பந்த வர்மம்
திண்டோதரி வர்மம்
நடுக்கவளி வர்மம்
சுண்டு விரல் கவளி வர்மம்
மேல் மணிக்கட்டு வர்மம்
விஷ மணி பந்த வர்மம்
கவளி வர்மம்
கால் பகுதி வர்மங்கள் (32)
முதிர கால வர்மம்
பத்தக்களை வர்மம்
ஆமைக்கால வர்மம்
பக்க வர்மம்
குழச்சி முடிச்சி வர்மம்
சிறுவிரல் கவளி வர்மம்
சிரட்டை வர்மம்
கால் மூட்டு வர்மம்
காலக் கண்ணு வர்மம்
நாய்த் தலை வர்மம்
குதிரை முக வர்மம்
கும்பேறி வர்மம்
கண்ணு வர்மம்
கோணச்சன்னி வர்மம்
கால வர்மம்
தட வர்மம்
கண் புகழ் வர்மம்
அனகால வர்மம்
பூமிக் கால வர்மம்
இடுப்பு வர்மம்
கிழிமேக வர்மம்
இழிப் பிழை வர்மம்
அணி வர்மம்
கோச்சு வர்மம்
முடக்கு வர்மம்
குளிர்ச்சை வர்மம்
குசத்திட வர்மம்
உப்புக் குத்தி வர்மம்
பாதச் சக்கர வர்மம்
கீழ் சுழி வர்மம்
பதக்கல வர்மம்
முண்டக வர்மம்
இவையே உடலின் முக்கிய வர்மப் புள்ளிகள் என்று குறிப்பிடுகிறார்
An experimental cancer drug appears to have cured every single patient in a small clinical trial conducted in the US.
All 12 patients, who had been diagnosed with rectal cancer, entered into remission after taking dostarlimab for over six months, according to a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine.
Dosage Forms & Strengths
injectable solution
50mg/mL (10 mL, single-dose vials)
Mismatch Repair–Deficient (dMMR) Tumors
Indicated for adults with mismatch repair–deficient (dMMR) recurrent or advanced endometrial cancer that has progressed on or following a prior platinum-containing regimen
Also indicated for adults with dMMR recurrent or advanced solid tumours who have progressed on or following previous treatment and have no satisfactory therapeutic options.
Doses 1-4: 500 mg IV q3Weeks, THEN
Dose 5 and thereafter (start 3 weeks after Dose 4): 1,000 mg IV q6Weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity
Dosage Modifications
No dose reductions are recommended
Pneumonitis
Grade 2: Withhold therapy; resume when complete or partial resolution occurs (Grade <1) after corticosteroid taper
Permanently discontinue if there is no complete or partial resolution within 12 weeks of initiating steroids or inability to reduce prednisone ≤10 mg/day (or equivalent) within 12 weeks of starting steroids.
Grade 3 or 4 or recurrent Grade 2: Permanently discontinue
Colitis
Grade 2 or 3: Withhold therapy; resume when complete or partial resolution occurs (Grade <1) after corticosteroid taper
Permanently discontinue if no complete or partial resolution within 12 weeks of initiating steroids or inability to reduce prednisone ≤10 mg/day (or equivalent) within 12 weeks of initiating steroids.
Grade 4: Permanently discontinue
Hepatitis with no tumor involvement of the liver
AST or ALT increases to >3 and ≤8x ULN or total bilirubin [TB] increases to >1.5 and <3x ULN: Withhold therapy; resume when complete or partial resolution (Grade <1) occurs after corticosteroid taper
Permanently discontinue if no complete or partial resolution within 12 weeks of initiating steroids or inability to reduce prednisone ≤10 mg/day (or equivalent) within 12 weeks of initiating steroids.
AST or ALT increases to >8x ULN or TB increases to >3x ULN: Permanently discontinue
Hepatitis with tumour involvement of the liver
Withhold therapy
Baseline AST or ALT >1 and ≤3x ULN and increases to >5 and ≤10x ULN
Baseline AST or ALT >3 and ≤5x ULN and increases to >8 and ≤10x ULN
Resume when complete or partial resolution occurs (Grade <1) after corticosteroid taper
Permanently discontinue if no complete or partial resolution within 12 weeks of initiating steroids or inability to reduce prednisone ≤10 mg/day (or equivalent) within 12 weeks of initiating steroids
Permanently discontinue
AST or ALT increases >10x ULN or TB increases to >3x ULN
Endocrinopathies
Grade 2, 3, or 4: Withhold until clinically stable or permanently discontinue depending on the severity
Permanently discontinue if no complete or partial resolution (Grade <1) within 12 weeks of initiating steroids or inability to reduce prednisone ≤10 mg/day (or equivalent) within 12 weeks of starting steroids.
Nephritis with renal dysfunction
Grade 2 or 3 increased blood creatinine: Withhold therapy; resume when complete or partial resolution occurs (Grade <1) after corticosteroid taper
Permanently discontinue if no complete or partial resolution within 12 weeks of initiating steroids or inability to reduce prednisone ≤10 mg/day (or equivalent) within 12 weeks of starting steroids.
Suspected Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), or drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome: Withhold therapy
Permanently discontinue if no complete or partial resolution within 12 weeks of initiating steroids or inability to reduce prednisone ≤10 mg/day (or equivalent) within 12 weeks of initiating steroids.
Confirmed SJS, TEN, or DRESS syndrome: Permanently discontinue
Myocarditis
Grade 2, 3, or 4: Permanently discontinue
Neurologic toxicities
Grade 2: Withhold therapy; resume when complete or partial resolution occurs (Grade <1) after corticosteroid taper
Permanently discontinue if there is no complete or partial resolution within 12 weeks of initiating steroids or inability to reduce prednisone ≤10 mg/day (or equivalent) within 12 weeks of initiating steroids.
Grade 3 or 4: Permanently discontinue
Infusion-related reactions
Grade 1 or 2: Interrupt or slow infusion rate
Grade 3 or 4: Permanently discontinue
Renal or hepatic impairment
Mild-severe and end-stage renal disease: No dosage adjustment necessary
Hepatic impairment
Mild-to-moderate (TB ≤3x ULN and any AST): No dose adjustment is recommended
Severe: Not studied
Dosing Considerations
Females of reproductive potential: Verify pregnancy status before initiation
Recurrent or advanced dMMR endometrial cancer or solid tumours
Select patients based on the presence of dMMR in tumour specimens
