References
Azapagic, A., (1999). Life cycle assessment and its implications to process selection, design and optimization, Chemical Engineering Journal, 3, 73, pp1-21.
Barnthouse L, Fava J, Humphreys K, Hunt R, Laibson L, Noesen S, Owens JW, Todd JA, Vigon B, Weitz K, Young J, editors. 1997. Life-cycle impact assessment: the state-of-the-art. Pensacola FL: Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
(SETAC).
Fava J, Jensen A.A., Lindfors L., Pomper S., De Smet B., Warren J., Vigon B., eds. (1994)
SETAC, Life-cycle assessment data quality: a conceptual framework Workshop report,
Wintergreen, OOctober 1992. Pensacola: SETAC.
Huppes, G., Francois, S., (eds) (1994). Proceedings of the European Workshop on allocation in LCA, 24-25 FFebruary1994, Leiden, the Netherlands, SETAC- Europe, BBrussels Belgium
Kirk, B., Etnier, C., Kärrman, E., and Johnstone, S. (2005), Methods for Comparison of Wastewater Treatment Options. Project No. WU-HT-03-33. Prepared for the National Decentralized Water Resources Capacity Development Project. Washington University, St. Louis, MO, by Ocean Arks International, Burlington, VT.
Miettinen, P. and Hamalainen, R., (1997). How to benefit from decision analysis in environmental life ccycleassessment "European Journal of Operational Research. Vol 102,2, pp279-294
Udo de Haes, H., (1994). Guidelines for the application of life - cycle assessment in the European Union ecolabelling programme SPOLD, Brussels, Belgium.
Vlasopoulos, N.,Memon, F.,Butler, Murphy, R., (2006), Life Cycle Assessment of Wastewater Treatment Technologies, Treating Petroleum Process Waters. Sci.Total Environm.,(367), 58-70.
Introductory reading:
1. From the LCAccess website (U.S. EPA), http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/lcaccess/
Read the "Why LCA?" section. Other browsing is optional.
2. "How is a Life Cycle Assessment Made?" pp. 11-24 in Life Cycle Assessment: What it is and how to do it; UNEP, 1996.
3. Masters, GM (1998): Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science (2nd
edition); extract from ch. 9 "An example of life cycle assessment: Polystyrene cups",
p562-565.
Further LCA Resources
1. Books
Ciambrone, DF, Environmental Life Cycle Analysis, Lewis Publishers, 1997
Curran, MA, Environmental Life Cycle Assessment, McGraw-Hill, 1996
Graedel, TE, Streamlined Life-Cycle Assessment, Prentice Hall, 1998
Vigon, BW et.al., Life-Cycle Assessment: Inventory Guidelines and Principles, USEPA Risk
Reduction, Lewis Publishers, 1994
Weidema, BP (ed.), Environmental Assessment of Products: a Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment,
2nd edition, UETP-EEE, Finnish Association of Graduate Engineers, Helsinki, 1993
2. Journal Articles and ISO Standard
ISO 14040 series of standards: SABS ISO 14040 (1998), SABS ISO 14041 (1999), ISO 14042 (1999),
ISO 14043 (2000) and ISO14044. Some Case Studies:
_ Vollebregt, LHM and J Terwoert, LCA of Cleaning and Degreasing Agents in the Metal Industry, Int. J. of LCA, 3 (1), 12-17, 1998.
_ Andersson, K and T Ohlsson, Life Cycle Assessment of Bread Produced on Different Scales, Int. J. of LCA, 4 (1), 25-40, 1999.
3. LCA Websites
UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative: http://www.uneptie.org/pc/sustain/lcinitiative/
U.S. EPA, NRMRL: LCAccess: http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/lcaccess/
CML - Centre for Environmental Science: http://www.leidenuniv.nl/interfac/cml/
SETAC Foundation for Environmental Education: http://www.setac.org/lca.html
Pre Product Ecology Consultants: http://www.pre.nl/
Ecobilan (Software Developers and Consultants): http://www.ecobilan.com
The International Journal of LCA: http://www.ecomed.de/journals/lca/
4. Software Tools and Data Libraries
CML LCA - free LCA software
Commercial software: SimaPro, GABI, Umberto
EcoInvent database represents the state of the art - at cost
BUWAL, IVAM, USA I/O, US database project, ETH - some free, some not
Danish food and agriculture database - freesment, McGraw-Hill, 1996
Graedel, TE, Streamlined Life-Cycle Assessment, Prentice Hall, 1998
Vigon, BW et.al., Life-Cycle Assessment: Inventory Guidelines and Principles, USEPA Risk
Reduction, Lewis Publishers, 1994
Weidema, BP (ed.), Environmental Assessment of Products: a Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment,
2nd edition, UETP-EEE, Finnish Association of Graduate Engineers, Helsinki, 1993
http://grimstad.uia.no/puls/climatechange/nns05/13nns05a.htm