Oxidation,Free Radicals and Antioxidants

 Oxidation:

 

Oxidation is a chemical reaction in which a substance loses electrons, becoming more positively charged. This process can occur when a substance reacts with oxygen or other electronegative elements. The most common example of oxidation is the rusting of iron when it reacts with oxygen in the presence of moisture.

 

In living organisms, oxidation is a crucial part of various physiological processes. For example, it is involved in the breakdown of nutrients to release energy in cells. However, oxidation can also lead to the production of harmful byproducts known as free radicals.

 

Free Radicals:

 

Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that contain unpaired electrons. They are produced naturally in the body during normal metabolic processes or can be generated due to external factors like pollution, radiation, or unhealthy lifestyles (e.g., smoking). These free radicals are unstable and can cause damage to cells and tissues by reacting with and stealing electrons from other molecules in the body, leading to a chain reaction of cellular damage.

 

Antioxidants:

 

Antioxidants are substances that can neutralize free radicals by donating electrons without becoming unstable themselves. They act as a defence system against the harmful effects of oxidative stress caused by free radicals. Antioxidants play a crucial role in maintaining the overall health and function of cells and tissues in the body.

 

The body has its own antioxidant defence system, including enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, which help counteract the harmful effects of free radicals. Additionally, many antioxidants are obtained from the diet, including vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, selenium, and various phytochemicals found in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds.

 

Importance of Antioxidants:

 

Having an adequate intake of antioxidants is important because excessive free radicals can lead to oxidative stress, which has been linked to various health issues, including:

 

Ageing: Oxidative stress is considered one of the contributing factors to the ageing process.

 

Chronic Diseases: It has been associated with several chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

 

Inflammation: Oxidative stress can trigger inflammation, which is involved in many diseases.

 

Cellular Damage: Oxidative stress can damage cellular components like DNA, proteins, and lipids, impairing cell function and potential mutations.

 

In summary, oxidation is a chemical reaction involving the loss of electrons, and it can produce harmful free radicals. Antioxidants are essential in neutralizing these free radicals and protecting the body from the potential damage they can cause. Eating a balanced diet rich in antioxidants is a key part of maintaining good health and reducing the risk of various diseases associated with oxidative stress.