What Every Woman Should Know About The (Contraceptive) PILL..
.. plus a list of SAFER Contraceptive methings (!).
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The ORAL contraceptive pill (OCP) is the Most-used pharmaceutical Drug worldwide with most women routinely prescribed it at some point in their life. Many young women are being prescribed the pill to ‘sort out’ a wide variety of health issues including Acne, Endometriosis and Polycystic Ovarian syndrome.
The Truth is, the pill is Not necessarily the Long-term solution to these problems and most likely, does Not address the Real issue.
........................................................................
What’s So Wrong With The Pill?..
The pill’s job is to promote Continuous high levels of Estrogen in a woman’s body. It’s Not difficult to see that this is DANGEROUS.
A woman’s Natural cycle is composed of Rising and Falling levels of Estrogen and Progesterone. Birth control pills work by keeping Estrogen at a Sufficiently HIGH level so that the body is fooled into thinking it is pregnant, therefore another pregnancy cannot occur.
There are even some Pills on the market that boast a woman can safely have a period only Four times a year or Avoid having periods altogether for years at a time, without a break from the estrogen blast (??).
Now that I know this, it’s easy for me to see how something so UNnatural can be detrimental to My body. Just how detrimental is still widely unknown, as doctors still do Not know everything there is to know about Estrogen or estrogen Dominance (when estrogen levels remain High WITHOUT being Balanced by Progesterone).
But, according to Dr Carolyn Dean, some Known Effects include:
- Increased Risk of Breast cancer
- Increased Risk of Blood clotting
- Heart Attack and Stroke
- Migraines (!)
- Increased Blood pressure
- Weight gain
- Mood changes
- Nausea
- Irregular Bleeding or Spotting
- Benign Liver tumours
- Breast tenderness
- Yeast overgrowth
- Endometriosis
- Psoriasis
- Digestive disorders
Something else that is interesting to note is that the Metabolism of Birth Control Pills by the Liver requires EXTRA amounts of the B-complex vitamins, vitamin C, Magnesium and Zinc. That means if you’re taking birth control pills for years at a time, as most women do, you’re Creating Nutrient Deficiencies.
Weight Gain, Fluid Retention, Mood Changes, Depression and even Heart Disease can all ARISE from Nutrient imbalance.
........................................................................
What Else NOT To Use?..
- Implants (Norplant)
- Hormone Shots like Depo-Prover
- A Vaginal ring called NuvaRing
- Contraceptive Hormone Patches and Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) like the MERINA are all Routinely prescribed by doctors.
IF you’re using Them for birth control, again you are Dosing your body with a HEAVY stream of SYNTHETIC Hormones, and you are most likely setting Yourself up for some form of Hormonal issue in the Future(!).
IF you’ve employed any of these methods for any other reason, Like Painful cramps or Heavy Bleeding, you’re NOT really dealing with the underlying cause of your problem. Or, if you’re using one of these methods to do away with the inconvenience of getting your period, that’s just Silly. We girls get a period for a reason.
Each of these methods Mess with Our Hormones, are DANGEROUS to our Health, and they will also Cause Trouble when you eventually stop using them. If you do have an IUD or implant in, and you want to have it taken out, it’s important to have your hormones tested via a Saliva Test to see where you might be out of balance. Then, work with an integrative doctor who is clued up on natural hormones to figure out the best and safest way to balance things.......
..........................................................................
The Safer, Healthier Options..
According to Dr Joseph Mercola, the following birth control methods can be just as effective, and Much SAFER than using typical hormonal birth control. Its Recommended that you use Two or More of these methods to render them Most Effective. These methods may not be as convenient as taking a little pill, wearing a patch or sporting an implant, but they are much KINDER on your body.
..........................................................................
1. Withdrawal Method..
The man withdraws his penis from the woman’s vagina Before he ejaculates. This doesn’t always work; even before ejaculation, the penis releases small amounts of semen that can contain sperm, so this is only 60 to 80 percent successful at preventing pregnancy.
.........................................................................
2. Calendar Method..
Abstention from sex (No sex) During the week the woman is OVULATING. This technique works best when a woman’s menstrual cycle is VERY REGULAR. The calendar method does Not work Very Well for couples who use it by Itself, meaning IF the couple use this method of protection as the ONLY one (about a 75 percent success rate), but it Can be Effective when Combined with the Temperature and Mucus methods described Below.
Also in order to know for sure when a woman is Ovulating, it is Better to Buy Ovulation tests and TRACK that day for 3-4 months in order to know it for Sure. Usually a woman ovulates in the middle of the cycle but women's cases Vary. If her cycle is, say, 28 days sharp.. Her period came on 1st of January and the next one she is expecting on 28th of January accordingly (If her monthly cycle is Regular). Then if it was determimed (usually through ovulations testing) that her ovulation happens on 14th of january (that month) then she Ideally needs to Avoid sex approximately from 10-11th of January till 18th of January to be on Safe side.
..........................................................................
3. The Temperature Method..
This is a way to pinpoint the day of ovulation so that sex can be avoided for a few days before and after. It involves taking the Basal body temperature (your temperature upon First waking) Each Morning with an Accurate “BASAL” thermometer, and noting the rise in temperature that occurs After Ovulation. Illness or Lack of Sleep Can Change(!) Body Temperature and make this method UNreliable by itself, but when it is combined with the Mucus method, it can be an accurate way of assessing fertility. The two methods combined can have a success rate as high as 98 percent.
.........................................................................
4. The Mucus Method..
This involves tracking changes in the amount and texture of Vaginal Discharge, which reflect Rising levels of Estrogen in the body. For the first few days after your period, there is often No discharge, but there will be a Cloudy, Tacky Mucus as estrogen starts to Rise. When the Discharge starts to Increase in volume and becomes CLEAR and Stringy, Ovulation is NEAR. A return to the tacky, CLOWDY mucus or No discharge means that ovulation Has Passed (it's Over).
There are also options like Male Condoms, Female Condoms, Diaphragms, Cervical Caps etc. which are FREE of Hormones, BUT these are generally made from Toxic Materials like Latex, Plastic and Rubber.
“The Pill”
Ethical Concerns: When the Pill works by preventing implantation of a recently conceived embryo, it produces an early abortion.2
Medical side effects: In 2005, the World Health Organization officially classified oral contraceptives as Group I carcinogens (Group I being the most dangerous from Groups I-IV).3 A year later, a comprehensive meta-analysis published in the Mayo Clinic Proceedings,noted that 21 out of 23 studies found an increased risk of developing premenopausal breast cancer women who had taken the Pill prior to the birth of their first child. Overall this group of women experienced a 44% increased risk in developing breast cancer prior to age 50.4Other side effects that women have experienced include high blood pressure, blood clots, stroke, heart attack, depression, weight gain, and migraines.5 Some women who stop taking the Pill do not have a return of their fertility (menstrual cycles) for a year, or even longer.6Although the Pill decreases the risk of ovarian and uterine cancer, it increases breast, liver, and cervical cancer.7 At least three studies have noted that the AIDS virus is transmitted more easily to women who are taking the Pill if their partner(s) have the AIDS virus.8.9.10
“The Shot”
Commonly known as “the Shot,” Depo-Provera, a long acting progestin hormone, is injected into a woman’s muscle every three months. It works by decreasing ovulation, by inhibiting sperm transport and by changing the lining of a woman’s uterus.11
Ethical concerns: By changing the lining of the uterus, Depo-Provera can cause an early abortion when conception does occur.
Medical side effects: The results of two major world studies have shown that women who take Depo-Provera for two years or more before age 25 have at least a 190% increased risk of developing breast cancer.12 In addition, Depo-Provera may reduce a woman’s bone density,13 and worsen her cholesterol level.14 One study found that women who had received injectable progestins (i.e., usually Depo-Provera or norethisterone enanthate) for at least five years suffered a 430% increased risk of developing cervical cancer.15 Several studies have shown that women who receive injectable progestins have a much higher rate of contracting the AIDS virus if their partner is infected, with one study showing a 240% increased risk.16
Other Hormonal Contraceptives
The same artificial hormones used in the Pill and Depo-Provera are packaged in a variety of other delivery systems: the Patch, the “Morning after Pill,” the monthly injection Lunelle, hormone impregnated IUDs and vaginal inserts, and others. More are in development. Most are so new that their side effects have not been well researched. They use the same hormones as the Pill and can be expected to have generally the same cancer-producing risks. All the hormonal contraceptives can also cause extended periods of unintended infertility after they are discontinued.17
Barrier Methods:The Condom and the Diaphragm
The condom and diaphragm are latex devices used to prevent sperm from reaching the ovum, thus preventing fertilization.
Medical side effects: The condom has a failure rate for avoiding pregnancy that is estimated to be between 10-30%.18,19 There are several reasons: breakage or slippage during use, manufacturing defects, and defects caused by shipping and storage in a hot or very cold place. A comprehensive review of condom effectiveness in preventing sexually transmitted diseases, sponsored by the US National Institutes of Health, published in 2001, concluded that use of condoms reduces, but does not eliminate transmission of the AIDS virus to men and women and of gonorrhea to men. The review also concluded that condoms have no proven effectiveness in reducing the transmission of any other STD.20 At least one study has noted that women who use barrier methods such as the diaphragm or condom, or the withdrawal method, had a 137% increased risk of developing preeclampsia.21 Preeclampsia, a complication occurring in some pregnant women, is a syndrome of high blood pressure, fluid retention, and kidney damage, which may eventually lead to prolonged seizures and/or coma. It is theorized that exposure to the male’s sperm plays a protective role against preeclampsia.
Spermicides
A spermicide is an agent that is designed to kill the man’s sperm and is often sold as a gel or as an ingredient in the vaginal sponge.
Medical side effects: Toxic Shock Syndrome has been associated with the spermicide sponge.22 One researcher has noted that couples who have used certain spermicides within a month of conception have experienced a doubling in the rate of birth defects, as well as a doubling of the rate of miscarriage.23
The IUD (Intrauterine Device)
This is a T-shaped device made of hard plastic. It may also contain copper or progestin hormones. A doctor inserts it into a woman’s uterus. It works by irritating the lining of the uterus and obstructing sperm transport.
Ethical concerns: When conception occurs with an IUD in place, the IUD can prevent implantation, thus causing an early abortion.24
Medical side effects: These include uterine perforation, which may lead to a hysterectomy, and infections, such as a pelvic or tubo-ovarian abscess. Use of all IUDs has been associated with an increased incidence of PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease).25 The IUD may occasionally result in pregnancy and if this were to occur, an ectopic pregnancy would be more likely to occur. An ectopic pregnancy is one in which the unborn child implants himself/ herself in a location other than in the mother’s uterus, usually in the fallopian tube. According to Rossing and Daling, two prominent researchers, women who had used an IUD for three or more years were more than twice as likely to have a tubal pregnancy as women who had never used an IUD even years after the IUD had been removed.26 Ectopic pregnancy remains the leading cause of maternal death in the United States. The IUD may also cause back aches, cramping, dyspareunia (painful intercourse), dysmenorrhea (painful menstrual cycles), and infertility. 25
“Permanent” Sterilization:Tubal Ligation and Vasectomy
Surgical sterilization attempts to achieve permanent sterility by cutting, burning or tying a woman’s fallopian tubes (called “tubal ligation”) or a man’s vas deferens (called “vasectomy”).
Medical side effects: Tubal ligation does not always prevent conception. When conception does occur, it is associated with a much higher incidence of ectopic pregnancy,27 which, as was noted, is the leading cause of death in pregnant women. In addition, women who undergo the procedure may experience complications from the anesthesia or from surgery. Complications include bladder puncture, bleeding, and even cardiac arrest after inflation of the abdomen with carbon dioxide.28 Some women who have undergone a tubal ligation experience a syndrome of intermittent vaginal bleeding associated with severe cramping pain in the lower abdomen.29
About 50% of men who undergo a vasectomy will develop anti-sperm antibodies.30 In essence, their bodies will come to recognize their own sperm as “the enemy.” This could lead to a higher incidence of autoimmune disease. Several studies have noted that men who undergo a vasectomy have a higher incidence of developing prostate cancer, especially 15-20 years after their vasectomy, 31,32,33,34 although one large study did not find a link.35Also, some research evidence suggests that there is an association between vasectomy and a recently identified form of dementia, Primary Progressive Aphasia.36
Wise Options
The best option before marriage is abstinence. The obvious benefits include greater self-respect, freedom from the risk of sexually transmitted disease, as well as monetary savings and no chance of an unintended pregnancy. Within marriage it should be noted that an openness towards having children yields specific medical benefits. Every additional child a woman bears reduces her risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer by 5-10%. In addition, breast and ovarian cancer risks are reduced significantly in women who breast feed, with highest reductions in those women who breast-fed for the longest time intervals.37
NFP: Natural Family Planning
Natural Family Planning is a totally natural method by which couples can manage their fertility. In NFP a woman determines when she is either fertile or infertile by observing the consistency of her cervical mucus. The largest trial to date (about 20,000 Indian women)—sponsored by the WHO (World Health Organization)—found unintended pregnancy rate of less than 0.2%.38
Some obvious benefits of NFP are that it is virtually cost-free and there is no increased risk of cancer or other diseases associated with hormonal contraceptives. Couples who use NFP have a divorce rate that is less than 5%39 —far lower than the national rate of about 50%.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The ORAL contraceptive pill (OCP) is the Most-used pharmaceutical Drug worldwide with most women routinely prescribed it at some point in their life. Many young women are being prescribed the pill to ‘sort out’ a wide variety of health issues including Acne, Endometriosis and Polycystic Ovarian syndrome.
The Truth is, the pill is Not necessarily the Long-term solution to these problems and most likely, does Not address the Real issue.
........................................................................
What’s So Wrong With The Pill?..
The pill’s job is to promote Continuous high levels of Estrogen in a woman’s body. It’s Not difficult to see that this is DANGEROUS.
A woman’s Natural cycle is composed of Rising and Falling levels of Estrogen and Progesterone. Birth control pills work by keeping Estrogen at a Sufficiently HIGH level so that the body is fooled into thinking it is pregnant, therefore another pregnancy cannot occur.
There are even some Pills on the market that boast a woman can safely have a period only Four times a year or Avoid having periods altogether for years at a time, without a break from the estrogen blast (??).
Now that I know this, it’s easy for me to see how something so UNnatural can be detrimental to My body. Just how detrimental is still widely unknown, as doctors still do Not know everything there is to know about Estrogen or estrogen Dominance (when estrogen levels remain High WITHOUT being Balanced by Progesterone).
But, according to Dr Carolyn Dean, some Known Effects include:
- Increased Risk of Breast cancer
- Increased Risk of Blood clotting
- Heart Attack and Stroke
- Migraines (!)
- Increased Blood pressure
- Weight gain
- Mood changes
- Nausea
- Irregular Bleeding or Spotting
- Benign Liver tumours
- Breast tenderness
- Yeast overgrowth
- Endometriosis
- Psoriasis
- Digestive disorders
Something else that is interesting to note is that the Metabolism of Birth Control Pills by the Liver requires EXTRA amounts of the B-complex vitamins, vitamin C, Magnesium and Zinc. That means if you’re taking birth control pills for years at a time, as most women do, you’re Creating Nutrient Deficiencies.
Weight Gain, Fluid Retention, Mood Changes, Depression and even Heart Disease can all ARISE from Nutrient imbalance.
........................................................................
What Else NOT To Use?..
- Implants (Norplant)
- Hormone Shots like Depo-Prover
- A Vaginal ring called NuvaRing
- Contraceptive Hormone Patches and Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) like the MERINA are all Routinely prescribed by doctors.
IF you’re using Them for birth control, again you are Dosing your body with a HEAVY stream of SYNTHETIC Hormones, and you are most likely setting Yourself up for some form of Hormonal issue in the Future(!).
IF you’ve employed any of these methods for any other reason, Like Painful cramps or Heavy Bleeding, you’re NOT really dealing with the underlying cause of your problem. Or, if you’re using one of these methods to do away with the inconvenience of getting your period, that’s just Silly. We girls get a period for a reason.
Each of these methods Mess with Our Hormones, are DANGEROUS to our Health, and they will also Cause Trouble when you eventually stop using them. If you do have an IUD or implant in, and you want to have it taken out, it’s important to have your hormones tested via a Saliva Test to see where you might be out of balance. Then, work with an integrative doctor who is clued up on natural hormones to figure out the best and safest way to balance things.......
..........................................................................
The Safer, Healthier Options..
According to Dr Joseph Mercola, the following birth control methods can be just as effective, and Much SAFER than using typical hormonal birth control. Its Recommended that you use Two or More of these methods to render them Most Effective. These methods may not be as convenient as taking a little pill, wearing a patch or sporting an implant, but they are much KINDER on your body.
..........................................................................
1. Withdrawal Method..
The man withdraws his penis from the woman’s vagina Before he ejaculates. This doesn’t always work; even before ejaculation, the penis releases small amounts of semen that can contain sperm, so this is only 60 to 80 percent successful at preventing pregnancy.
.........................................................................
2. Calendar Method..
Abstention from sex (No sex) During the week the woman is OVULATING. This technique works best when a woman’s menstrual cycle is VERY REGULAR. The calendar method does Not work Very Well for couples who use it by Itself, meaning IF the couple use this method of protection as the ONLY one (about a 75 percent success rate), but it Can be Effective when Combined with the Temperature and Mucus methods described Below.
Also in order to know for sure when a woman is Ovulating, it is Better to Buy Ovulation tests and TRACK that day for 3-4 months in order to know it for Sure. Usually a woman ovulates in the middle of the cycle but women's cases Vary. If her cycle is, say, 28 days sharp.. Her period came on 1st of January and the next one she is expecting on 28th of January accordingly (If her monthly cycle is Regular). Then if it was determimed (usually through ovulations testing) that her ovulation happens on 14th of january (that month) then she Ideally needs to Avoid sex approximately from 10-11th of January till 18th of January to be on Safe side.
..........................................................................
3. The Temperature Method..
This is a way to pinpoint the day of ovulation so that sex can be avoided for a few days before and after. It involves taking the Basal body temperature (your temperature upon First waking) Each Morning with an Accurate “BASAL” thermometer, and noting the rise in temperature that occurs After Ovulation. Illness or Lack of Sleep Can Change(!) Body Temperature and make this method UNreliable by itself, but when it is combined with the Mucus method, it can be an accurate way of assessing fertility. The two methods combined can have a success rate as high as 98 percent.
.........................................................................
4. The Mucus Method..
This involves tracking changes in the amount and texture of Vaginal Discharge, which reflect Rising levels of Estrogen in the body. For the first few days after your period, there is often No discharge, but there will be a Cloudy, Tacky Mucus as estrogen starts to Rise. When the Discharge starts to Increase in volume and becomes CLEAR and Stringy, Ovulation is NEAR. A return to the tacky, CLOWDY mucus or No discharge means that ovulation Has Passed (it's Over).
There are also options like Male Condoms, Female Condoms, Diaphragms, Cervical Caps etc. which are FREE of Hormones, BUT these are generally made from Toxic Materials like Latex, Plastic and Rubber.
REFERENCES:
1 Guttmacher Institute, Facts on Contraceptive Use January 2008 retrieved from www.guttmacher.org/pubs/fb_contr_use.html. Aug. 7, 2008.
2 Larimore WL, Stanford JB. Postfertilization effects of oral contraceptives and their relationship to informed consent. Arch Fam Med. 2000; 9:126–133.
3 International Agency for Research on Cancer, Combined estrogen-progestogen contraceptives and combined estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 2007; Vol 91. available at http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol91/mono91-6E.pdf
4 Kahlenborn C, et al. “Oral Contraceptive Use as a Risk Factor for Premenopausal Breast Cancer: A Meta-analysis” Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2006: 81(10):1290-1302
The study re-enforces the classification of OCs as Type 1 carcinogens by the International Agency for Cancer Research (WHO).
The study re-enforces the classification of OCs as Type 1 carcinogens by the International Agency for Cancer Research (WHO).
5 Kahlenborn C. Breast Cancer, Its Link to Abortion and the Birth Control Pill, One More Soul. 2000, 229-231.
6 Hume K. Effects of contraceptive medication on the cervix. The Biology of the Cervix. Retrieved on Apr 11, 2008 from http://www.billings-ovulation-method.org/omrrca/bulletin/vol25/no2/effects.shtml.
7 Overall cancer risk from several cancers due to oral contraceptive use: Kahlenborn C. Breast Cancer, Its Link to abortion and the Birth Control Pill, 2000. One More Soul, 2000, 228-229.
8 Allen S, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in urban Rwanda. JAMA. 1991; 266:1657-1663.
9 Simonsen JN, et al. HIV infection among lower socioeconomic strata prostitutes in Nairobi. AIDS. 1990 Feb; 139-144.
10 10. Mali JKG, et al. Contraceptive use and the risk of HIV infection in Nairobi, Kenya. Inter J Gynaecol Obstet. 1995; 48(1):61-67.
11 The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, Injection (Depo-Provera), retrieved from http://www.sexualityandu.ca/professionals/contraception-1-3.aspx September 27, 2008
12 Skegg DCG, et al. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and breast cancer: a pooled analysis of the World Health Organization and New Zealand studies. JAMA. 1995; 273(10):799-804.
13 Wooltorton E. Medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) and bone mineral density loss. CMAJ. 2005 Mar 15; 172(6):746. Epub 2005 Mar 2.
14 Mia AR, et al. Effects of prolonged use of injectable hormonal contraceptive on serum lipid profile. Mymensingh Med J. 2005 Jan; 14(1):19-21.
15 Herrero R, et al. Injectable contraceptives and risk of invasive cervical cancer: evidence of an association. Int J Cancer. 1990; 46(1):5-7.
16 Ungchusak K, et al. Determinants of HIV infection among female commercial sex workers in northeastern Thailand: results from a longitudinal study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1996. 12(5):500-507.
17 Hume, See #6 above. This paper refers specifically to oral contraceptives, Norplant, and progestagen impregnated pessaries. Because the findings relate to the action of contraceptive hormones, they may be applied to any hormonal contraceptive.
18 Collart D. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. Condom failure for protection from sexual transmission of the HIV-a review of the medical literature. 1993, 5393 Whitney Ct., Stone Mountain, GA 30088.
19 Rahwan R. Chemical Contraceptives, Interceptives and Abortifacients, 1995. College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University.
20 20. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Evidence on Condom Effectiveness for Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Prevention [workshop June 2000]. Summary report of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, DHHS. July 20, 2001.
21 Klonoff-Cohen HS, et al. An epidemiologic study of contraception and preeclampsia. JAMA. 1989 Dec; 262(22):3143-3147.
22 22. Faich G, et al. Toxic shock syndrome and the vaginal contraceptive sponge. JAMA. 1986 Jan; 255:216-218.
23 Jick H, et al. Vaginal spermicides and congenital disorders. JAMA. 1981 Apr; 245(13):1329-1332.
24 24. Stanford J MD MSPH. Mechanism of action of intrauterine devices: Update and estimation of post-fertilization effects. Am J Obstet Gynecol. December 2002; 187(6).
25 Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc, Mirena, retrieved from http://www.drugs.com/pro/mirena.html September 27, 2008 and Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc, Paragard, retrieved from http://www.drugs.com/pro/paragard.html September 27, 2008
26 Daling J, et al. Past use of an intrauterine device and risk of tubal pregnancy. Epidemiology. 1994; 5:129-130.
27 Gaeta TJ, et al. Atypical ectopic pregnancy. Am J Emerg Med. 1993 May; 11(3):233-234.
28 Dunn HP. Unexpected Sequelae of Sterilization. International Review of Natural Family Planning, 1:4 (Winter 1977) 318.
29 Townsend DE, et al. Post-ablation-tubal sterilization syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 1993; 82:422-424.
30 Rosenberg L, et al. Vasectomy and the risk of prostate cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 1990; 132(6):1051-1055.
31 Giovannucci E, et al. A prospective cohort study of vasectomy and prostate cancer in US men. JAMA. 1993 Feb; 269(7):873-877.
32 Giovannucci E, et al. A retrospective cohort study of vasectomy and prostate cancer in US men. JAMA. 1993 Feb; 269:878-882.
33 Hayes RB, et al. Vasectomy and prostate cancer in US Blacks and Whites. Am J Epidemiol. 1993; 137:263-269.
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