New auto-immune treatment hope

THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES

Share on print Australian researchers have uncovered a potential new way to regulate the body’s natural immune response, offering hope of a simple and effective treatment for auto-immune diseases. Auto-immune diseases result from an overactive immune response that causes the body to attack itself. The new approach involves increasing good regulating cells in the body, unlike most current research focusing on stopping “bad” or “effector” cells, says lead researcher Dr Suzanne Hodgkinson from UNSW’s Faculty of Medicine and Liverpool Hospital. The researchers induced the body’s T-cell front-line defences by injecting cell-signalling proteins called cytokines, particularly Interleukin-5 (II-5 cytokine). When T-regulatory cells are grown in a way that makes them specific to a particular protein, they develop receptors for the Il-5 cytokine. The Il-5 cytokine boost allows the body’s immune system to better regulate its response to disease without going into overdrive. The team cloned II-5 cytokine and injected it into rats with the neurological condition Guillain–Barré syndrome. These rats recovered much quicker and did not fall ill if treated as a precaution. The method has also shown promise in animals with multiple sclerosis, kidney disease, nephritis and trying to overcome organ transplantation rejection. “One of the nice things about this discovery is that it is one of the few treatments in the auto-immune world and in the transplantation world that works not by attacking the effector cells but by increasing the good regulating cells. So it works very differently from almost every other treatment we’ve got available,” Dr Hodgkinson says. The researchers say that il-5 injections could be more palatable than inoculation by parasitic worms – another approach in regulating auto-immune conditions. International research shows swallowing helminth parasites can regulate the immune system and boost T-cell production to combat illnesses such as celiac disease and multiple sclerosis. The absence of worms in guts in the developed world has been cited as a possible cause for the sharp rise in auto-immune diseases in Western nations. “The process we’ve developed may be the same process that the helminths kick off. When you get a helminths infestation, one of the changes in your immune response is an increase in cells called eosinophils and these cells make the cytokine Interleukin-5,” Dr Hodgkinson says. “In this new treatment, it’s a matter of injecting the interleukin-5 and the body does the rest. It’s both safe and effective and we think inducing the immune response by injection may be more attractive to people than swallowing parasitic worms.” The next step is to take the treatment to human trials, which could be underway within two to five years, says Dr Hodgkinson, whose paper outlining the study has been published in the journalBlood. The research was supported by grants from Bob and Jack Ingham, Liverpool Australia; Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia; the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council; the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation; Novatis; and funds from UNSW. Lead researcher was UNSW research fellow Dr Giang Tran. Dr Hodgkinson and co-author Professor Bruce Hall hold US patents related to the treatment. Editor's Note: Original news release can be found here.