Posted by Biomechanism
Scientists at the Keck School of Medicine of USC grow brain cells from skin.
Cancer Research: Oncogenes are generally thought to be genes that, when mutated, change healthy cells into cancerous tumor cells. Scientists at the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (USC) have proven that those genes also can change normal cells into stem-like cells, paving the way to a safer and more practical approach to treating diseases like multiple sclerosis and cancer with stem cell therapy.
“The reality may be more complicated than people think,” said Jiang F. Zhong, Ph.D., assistant professor of pathology at the Keck School. “What is a stem cell gene? What is a cancer gene? It may be the same thing.”
Cancer usually results from defects or damage in one or more of the genes involved in cell division. If these genes become damaged, the defective cells can multiply to form abnormal tissue (tumor). There are four main types of gene directly linked to cell division, most tumors, have damaged copies of more than one of these genes; - Oncogenes (initiate cellular division) - Tumor Suppressor genes (instruct the cells not to divide) - Suicide genes (genes which terminate themselves, when they know the division process has gone wrong) - DNA repair genes (Cells that repair other DNA). Credit: Canceratlarge.org.uk
Zhong and colleagues at the Children’s Hospital of Orange County (CHOC) in California and Good Samaritan Hospital Medical Center in New York successfully converted human skin cells into brain cells by suppressing the expression of p53, a protein encoded by a widely studied oncogene. This suggests that p53 mutation helps determine cell fate — good or bad — rather than only the outcome of cancer.
The study is slated to appear in the online edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a peer-reviewed scientific journal, the week of July 18, 2011.
“When you turn off p53, people think the cell becomes cancerous because we tend to focus on the bad thing,” Zhong said. “Actually, the cell becomes more plastic and could do good things, too. Let’s say the cell is like a person who loses his job (the restriction of p53). He could become a criminal or he could find another job and have a positive effect on society. What pushes him one way or the other, we don’t know because the environment is very complicated.”
Stem cells can divide and differentiate into different types of cells in the body. In humans, embryonic stem cells differentiate into three families, or germ layers, of cells. The reasons why and how certain stem cells differentiate into particular layers are not clearly understood. However, from those layers, tissues and organs develop. The endoderm, for example, leads to formation of the stomach, colon and lungs, while the mesoderm forms blood, bone and heart tissue. In its study, Zhong’s team examined human skin cells, which are related to brain and neural cells from the ectoderm.
When p53 was suppressed, the skin cells developed into cells that looked exactly like human embryonic stem cells. But, unlike other man-made stem cells that are “pluripotent” and can become any other cells in the body, these cells differentiated only into cells from the same germ layer, ectoderm.
“IPSCs [induced pluripotent stem cells] can turn into anything, so they are hard to control,” Zhong said. “Our cells are staying within the ectoderm lineage.”
Zhong said he expects that suppressing other oncogenes in other families of cells would have the same effect, which could have critical significance for stem cell therapy. Future research should focus on determining which genes to manipulate, Zhong said.
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This study was supported by the CHOC Children’s Foundation, CHOC Neuroscience Institute, Austin Ford Tribute Fund, W. M. Keck Foundation, National Institutes of Health and National Science Foundation.
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