Sunday, February 28, 2021
சுஜாதா – 15 கவிதைகள்
Friday, February 26, 2021
Understanding Cellular Clock Synchronization
Circadian clocks, which regulate the metabolic functions of all living beings over a period of about 24 hours, are one of the most fundamental biological mechanisms. In humans, their disruption is the cause of many metabolic diseases such as diabetes or serious liver diseases. Although scientists have been studying this mechanism for many years, little is known about how it works. Thanks to an observation tool based on bioluminescence, a research team from the University of Geneva (UNIGE) were able to demonstrate that cells that compose a particular organ can be in-phase, even in the absence of the central brain clock or of any other clocks in the body. Indeed, the scientists managed to restore circadian function in the liver in completely arrhythmic mice, demonstrating that neurons are not unique in their ability to coordinate.
Cecile G. Tamura
Tuesday, February 16, 2021
Know about Adverse drug reaction
What is an adverse drug reaction?
An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an injury caused by taking medication.ADRs may occur following a single dose or prolonged administration of a drug or result from the combination of two or more drugs. The meaning of this term differs from the term "side effect" because side effects can be beneficial and detrimental. The study of ADRs is the concern of the field known as pharmacovigilance. An adverse drug event (ADE) refers to any injury occurring at the time a drug is used, whether or not it is identified as a cause of the injury. An ADR is a particular type of ADE in which a causative relationship can be shown. ADRs are only one type of medication-related harm, as harm can also be caused by omitting to take indicated medications.
What are the signs and symptoms of an adverse drug reaction?
- Mild symptoms include red, itchy, flaky, or swollen skin. You may have a flat, red area on your skin covered with small bumps. You may also have hives.
- Severe symptoms include skin that blisters or peels, vision problems, and severe swelling or itching. Severe reactions include conditions such as toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Ask your healthcare provider for more information on TEN and other severe conditions.
- Anaphylaxis symptoms include throat tightness, trouble breathing, tingling, dizziness, and wheezing. Anaphylaxis is a sudden, life-threatening reaction that needs immediate treatment. Anaphylaxis may occur if you exercise after exposure to another trigger, such as after you take an antibiotic.
How is an adverse drug reaction diagnosed?
Your healthcare provider will ask about your medical history and allergies. You may need additional testing if you developed anaphylaxis after you were exposed to a trigger and then exercised. This is called exercise-induced anaphylaxis. Medicines can be a trigger. You may also need any of the following:
- A patch test means a small amount of the drug is put on your skin. The area is covered with a patch that stays on for 2 days. Then, your healthcare provider will check your skin for a reaction.
- A skin prick test means a small drop of the drug is put on your forearm, and your skin is pricked with a needle. Your healthcare provider will watch for a reaction.
- An intradermal test means a small amount of liquid containing the drug is put under the surface of your skin. Your healthcare provider will watch for a reaction.
- A drug provocation test is also known as a challenge test. Your healthcare provider gives you increasing doses of the drug and watches for a reaction.
How is an adverse drug reaction treated?
For dose-related adverse drug reactions, modifying the dose or eliminating or reducing precipitating factors may suffice. Increasing the rate of drug elimination is rarely necessary. For allergic and idiosyncratic ADRs, the drug usually should be discontinued and not tried again. Switching to a different drug class is often required for allergic ADRs and sometimes needed for dose-related ADRs.
- Antihistamines decrease mild symptoms such as itching or a rash.
- Epinephrine is a medicine used to treat severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis.
- Steroids reduce inflammation.
- Desensitization may be done after you have a reaction if you need to be treated with the drug again. Your healthcare provider will give you small doses of the drug over a few hours. He will treat any allergic reaction that you have. The dose is increased a little at a time until the full dose is reached and the drug stops causing an allergic reaction.
Friday, February 12, 2021
Bacteria based self healing concrete
For every person on earth, more than 1 m3 of concrete is produced every year. This hunger for concrete has far-reaching consequences, as typically 100 kg of CO2 is emitted into the atmosphere for the production of one ton of concrete. This is mainly caused by the use of cement which constitutes concrete, together with water, aggregate (gravel, sand) and possibly steel reinforcement bars. This is not a bad figure compared to other common construction materials, such as masonry, steel or aluminum. Moreover, concrete, during its life, slowly absorbs CO2 in the process of carbonation, by which Ca(OH)2 in the concrete is converted into CaCO3. Nevertheless, the amount of concrete that is produced still makes it a significant source of anthropogenic CO2 emissions.
It is therefore no surprise that several strategies have been devised to make concrete more sustainable. The most straightforward method is to (partially) replace cement by greener alternatives, such as blast furnace slag or fly ash, which are by-products of the iron and coal industries, respectively. Another complementary solution is to increase the lifetime of concrete, thus reducing the need for replacement materials. Currently, this is achieved by inspecting and repairing the structure periodically, but this is expensive and time-consuming. Moreover, degradation of concrete usually begins with microcracks that are hardly visible to the naked eye, if at all. Figure 1
Now a day, biologically modifications of construction materials become more popular for strength improvement and long-term sustainability. An investigation has been conducted to study the compressive strength of concrete by using two different bacteria named Bacillus Cereus and Bacillus Subtilis with three different concentration (viz. 103, 105, 107 cells/ml) of each bacterium. It has been found that there was an increase in compressive strength at both 7 days and 28 days. It was noticed that the optimum concentration was different for different bacteria. The optimum concentration of Bacillus Subtilis and Bacillus Cereus were found as 105 cells/ml and 103 cells/ml respectively. Moreover, more compressive strength was obtained by addition of Bacillus Subtilis at optimum concentration compared to the samples made with all three concentrations of Bacillus Cereus both at 7 and 28 days.
This technique is highly desirable because the mineral precipitation induced as a result of microbial activities is pollution free and natural. As the cell wall of bacteria is anionic, metal accumulation (calcite) on the surface of the wall is substantial, thus the entire cell becomes crystalline and they eventually plug the pores and cracks in concrete. This paper discusses the plugging of artificially cracked cement mortar using Bacillus Pasteurii and Sporosarcina bacteria combined with sand as a filling material in artificially made cuts in cement mortar which was cured in urea and CaCl2 medium.
Tuesday, February 2, 2021
ஒளிப்பதிவாளர் நிவாஸ்
Monday, February 1, 2021
Gran Torino
அவர் குடியிருக்கிற ஏரியாவில ஹமாங் எனப்படும் ஒரு இனத்தவர் (வியட்னாம் போரில் கம்யூனிஸ்டுக்கு எதிராக அமெரிக்காவுக்கு ஆதரவாக செயல்பட்டதால் பின்னாளில் நாட்டை விட்டு துரத்த பட்டு அமெரிக்காவில் தஞ்சம் புகுந்தவர்கள்) அதிகமாக வசிக்கிறார்கள்... ஹமாங் இனத்தவர்கள் பழங்குடியினை போன்ற வாழ்க்கை முறை கொண்டவர்கள்.. அவர்களில் பெரும்பாலோனோர் குற்றவாளிகள்.
வால்ட்டின் வீட்டருகே வசிக்கும் ஒரு ஹமாங் சிறுவனை (தாவ்) Gran torino' காரை திருடும்படி ஒரு கும்பல் கட்டாயபடுத்துகிறது... திருட போகும் போது வால்ட்டுக்கும் தாவ்'க்கும் ஏற்படும் உறவு... அதன் பின் வால்ட் குடும்பத்துடன் தொடர்கிறது... நடுவில் ஆண் துணை இல்லாத அந்த குடும்பத்தை.. அங்கிருக்கும் பல கேங்குகள் துன்புறுத்த அவற்றிலிருந்து அந்த குடும்பத்தை காக்கும் பொறுப்பேற்கிறார்.. வால்ட்... எப்படி என்பதை படத்தில் பார்க்கவும்..
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