Monday, October 31, 2011

SEVEN MOST POPULAR JOBS





Wouldn’t it be nice to have a job that you love? These jobs are the most popular jobs out there. Find out what they pay, to see if they could be the job for you!
Payscale shares…
Median annual salary: $61,000
People in this job who are satisfied: 81%
It’s easy to imagine why this job would be satisfying. You’re in the middle of an essential, possibly life-saving effort, playing the key role of controlling bleeding, handing over instruments and suturing incisions, all while working with a team of dedicated, smart, hard-working people. That sounds like a good way to spend your time. There are several routes to becoming a registered nurse – through a bachelor’s degree, associate’s degree and through diploma programs – and this job is in high demand.
Median annual salary: $69,000
People in this job who are satisfied: 80%
Once again, here’s another caring profession with great job growth potential. Physical therapists help people recover basic movement after surgeries, injuries, illnesses and ailments of all kinds. Often referred to as PTs, physical therapists work in hospitals, out-patient clinics and private offices. The work can be physically demanding and also requires smarts and people skills. PTs must complete both bachelor’s and master’s degree programs, fulfill their state’s requirements for licensure and pass a national exam.
Median annual salary: $63,000
People in this job who are satisfied: 80%
In this helping professional, you help the earth. People who are passionate about keeping our air clean and our waters swimmable get to work on those goals every day. This job can require on-site research of outdoor areas and collecting samples, then going back to the office to do research, design solutions, write up proposals and negotiate project schedules and budgets. Environmental engineers must have a bachelor’s degree at least, while further education can help job prospects. This is a career with high growth potential.
Median annual salary: $39,000
People in this job who are satisfied: 79%
When you hear “athletic trainer” you may think of a meathead with a clipboard and a whistle. That’s not even close. Athletic trainers are highly skilled health professionals recognized by the American Medical Association as allies in the effort to prevent and treat injuries for people of all ages. Plus, they get to work at football fields, gyms, swimming pools and ski resorts to help athletes meet their goals. Sound fun? You’ll need a bachelor’s degree at the least, but a master’s degree to be competitive. You will also need to pass exams for licensure and continue to take regular exams to keep your certificate throughout your career.
Median annual salary: $49,000
People in this job who are satisfied: 78%
Food. It’s fun and makes us happy so who wouldn’t want to talk about it all day? “I get to understand not only how food affects numerous aspects of health, but get to peek into the world of medications, anatomy and physiology,” says Pam Dick, a registered dietician who works at Kittitas Valley Community Hospital and Yakima Valley Community College in Washington State. From diabetes prevention to weight maintenance, dieticians help all kinds of patients. To get this gig, you must complete a bachelor’s degree, as well as gain licensure and a certification, depending on which state you plan to practice in. Master’s degrees are common and improve job prospects.
Median annual salary: $41,000
People in this job who are satisfied: 78%
Guiding and inspiring our future astronauts, authors, acrobats and mathematicians sounds like a worthwhile effort. Elementary school teaching offers a combination of emotional and intellectual challenges, like getting a scared child to speak in front of their peers or designing a science class that really sparks students’ curiosity. Elementary school teaching is certainly demanding and known for not being well paid for the amount of work required. But, for those who take the time to complete an undergraduate degree in teaching, pass their exams and get into this career, it’s worth all the effort. Master’s degrees improve earnings and job opportunities.
Median annual salary: $69,000
People in this job who are satisfied: 76%
Intelligence analysts work with police, armed forces and other clients to collect, verify, analyze and utilize confidential information, including maps, images, audio files and documents. They research and prepare reports that help organizations’ strategize and plan their next steps. This job sounds like the stuff that movies are made of. And, working with all of that top-secret information must mean you’re working on something that feels important, and that can be very satisfying. The job requires a degree in criminology or a related field, as well as on-the-job training. Greater expertise and specialization can improve job opportunities.

Be careful. Confirmed by a doctor

Make a checklist, check whether this medicine is in your home or whether it has been recommended by your doctor... please DO NOT use it...
Please Read Very Carefully - INFORM ALL YOUR FRIENDS & FAMILY MEMBERS
India has become a dumping ground for banned drugs; also the business for production of banned drugs is booming. Plz make sure that u buy drugs only if prescribed by a doctor(Also, ask which company manufactures it, this would help to ensure that u get what is prescribed at the Drug Store) and that also from a reputed drug store. Not many people know about these banned drugs and consume them causing a lot of damage to themselves. We forward Jokes and other junk all the time.... This is far more important.

Please Make sure u forward it everyone u know.

DANGEROUS DRUGS HAVE BEEN GLOBALLY DISCARDED BUT ARE AVAILABLE IN INDIA .... The most common ones are action 500 & Nimulid.

!


PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE:

cold and cough.
 Reason for ban : stroke.
Brand name :
 Vicks Action-500
________________________________________________________________________
ANALGIN:

This is a pain-killer.
Reason for ban: Bone marrow depression.
Brand name:
 ! Novalgin
___________________________________________________________
CISAPRIDE:

Acidity, constipation.
 Reason for ban : irregular heartbeat
Brand name :
 Ciza, Syspride
____________________________________________________________
DROPERIDOL:

Anti-depressant.
 Reason for ban : Irregular heartbeat.
Brand name :
 Droperol
______________________________________________________________
FURAZOLIDONE:

Antidiarrhoeal.
 Reason for ban : Cancer.
Brand name :
 Furoxone, Lomofen
_____________________________________________________________
NIMESULIDE:

Painkiller, fever.
 Reason for ban : Liver failure..
Brand name :
 Nise, Nimulid
________________________________________________________________________

NITROFURAZONE:

Antibacterial cream.
 Reason for ban : Cancer.
Brand name :
 Furacin
________________________________________________________________________

PHENOLPHTHALEIN:

Laxative...
 Reason for ban : Cancer.
Brand name :
 Agarol
________! ______________________ __________________________________________

OXYPHENBUTAZONE:

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
 Reason for ban : Bone marrow depression.
Brand name :
 Sioril
_______________________________________________________________________
PIPERAZINE:

Anti-worms....
 Reason for ban : Nerve damage.
Brand name :
 Piperazine
________________________________________________________________________
QUINIODOCHLOR:

Anti-diarrhoeal.
 Reason for ban : Damage to sight.
Brand name:
 Enteroquinol

OpenSim open-source software from Stanford accurately models human motion






(Biomechanism) — In a new exhibit at The Leonardo, a science and technology museum in Salt Lake City, a team of Stanford engineers is demonstrating an open source software package called OpenSim that accurately models human movement. OpenSim is free and in use across the world helping scientists understand the complex forces of movement to improve diagnosis of physical disabilities and prevent harmful wear and tear.
There are 640 muscles in the human body, or maybe it is 639. Or maybe it is 850. Or 656. It all depends on whom you ask. In any case, it is a lot. Stanford bioengineer Scott Delp knows; he has programmed almost every one into his latest work, OpenSim, a software application that helps medical professionals and bioengineers study, diagnose and correct abnormalities in how people move.
In the legs alone there are more than 100 muscles, virtually every one necessary to maintain balance and walk properly. Most of us take these for granted; they just work. But for some, they don’t. Scott Delp, a professor of bioengineering, mechanical engineering and orthopedic surgery, helps these people.
And now, OpenSim will be on display at The Leonardo, a science and technology museum in Salt Lake City. OpenSim is part of an exhibit exploring human movement.
More than child’s play
The idea to unite museum and modeling software was the brainchild of Andy Anderson, a research assistant professor at the University of Utah School of Medicine. He was a visiting scholar working with Delp and Jennifer Hicks over the summer and he put the pieces together to get OpenSim involved with the exhibit in his hometown, Salt Lake City.
The Leonardo exhibit is really two exhibits in one. In the first section, visitors walk across a pressure-sensitive floor and are presented at the other side with colour-coded printouts of their weight distribution, identifying even slight imbalances that might be putting undue stress on their limbs and joints. Such stress can lead to pain or arthritis. Over a lifetime, even relatively minor abnormalities can compound until hip and knee replacement surgeries become necessary.
“This one is fun because people can insert various orthotics in their shoes and see how they affect their movement. It’s quite telling,” said Anderson.
The second exhibit is aimed at kids. To make their research more approachable for a younger audience, the OpenSim development team is creating an interactive soccer game. The real-world player adjusts the strength of two leg muscles on the simulated soccer player to generate the force necessary to kick a virtual ball into a virtual goal.
“This is a simplified version of our software, but by honing things down to just two muscles we can make the science of movement something kids can understand and have fun with,” said Hicks, a mechanical engineer and the OpenSim project manager at Stanford. “Most importantly, it is based on real physics and realistic physiology, so it really teaches as it entertains.”
“Human movement is incredibly complex,” said Hicks. “The kids’ first instinct is to crank up the muscles to full strength, but this has unintended consequences, as the kids quickly learn.”
Profound implications
Future possibilities for OpenSim are many. It can help determine whether a simple surgery to lengthen a specific muscle might help victims of cerebral palsy. It can predict how simple changes in gait might reduce the incidence or severity of osteoarthritis. In addition to helping millions delay or avoid costly hip and knee replacements, OpenSim could help in the development of new, more sensitive prosthetics, able to read and interpret electrical impulses to control the devices.
For all its technical wizardry, however, the greatest fact about OpenSim may be that it is open source. Anyone with a computer and an Internet connection can have the software in a matter of minutes. Delp is giving it away.
“OpenSim is out there and hundreds are downloading it every week,” said Hicks. “If each copy helps only one person, that’s helping a lot of people.”
“That’s the exciting thing about open source,” said Delp. “By putting this powerful software in the hands of as many people as possible, we are setting in motion a self-perpetuating research ecosystem that will build upon itself to push the field forward.”

New Hybrid Technology Could Bring 'Quantum Information Systems'



Science Daily — The merging of two technologies under development -- plasmonics and nanophotonics -- is promising the emergence of new "quantum information systems" far more powerful than today's computers.

The technology hinges on using single photons -- the tiny particles that make up light -- for switching and routing in future computers that might harness the exotic principles of quantum mechanics.
The quantum information processing technology would use structures called "metamaterials," artificial nanostructured media with exotic properties.
The metamaterials, when combined with tiny "optical emitters," could make possible a new hybrid technology that uses "quantum light" in future computers, said Vladimir Shalaev, scientific director of nanophotonics at Purdue University's Birck Nanotechnology Center and a distinguished professor of electrical and computer engineering.
The concept is described in an article published on October 28 in the journal Science. The article appeared in the magazine's Perspectives section and was written by Shalaev and Zubin Jacob, an assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Alberta, Canada.
"A seamless interface between plasmonics and nanophotonics could guarantee the use of light to overcome limitations in the operational speed of conventional integrated circuits," Shalaev said.
Researchers are proposing the use of "plasmon-mediated interactions," or devices that manipulate individual photons and quasiparticles called plasmons that combine electrons and photons.
One of the approaches, pioneered at Harvard University, is a tiny nanowire that couples individual photons and plasmons. Another approach is to use hyperbolic metamaterials, suggested by Jacob; Igor Smolyaninov, a visiting research scientist at the University of Maryland; and Evgenii Narimanov, an associate professor of electrical and computer engineering at Purdue. Quantum-device applications using building blocks for such hyperbolic metamaterials have been demonstrated in Shalaev's group.
"We would like to record and read information with single photons, but we need a very efficient source of single photons," Shalaev said. "The challenge here is to increase the efficiency of generation of single photons in a broad spectrum, and that is where plasmonics and metamaterials come in."
Today's computers work by representing information as a series of ones and zeros, or binary digits called "bits."
Computers based on quantum physics would have quantum bits, or "qubits," that exist in both the on and off states simultaneously, dramatically increasing the computer's power and memory. Quantum computers would take advantage of a strange phenomenon described by quantum theory called "entanglement." Instead of only the states of one and zero, there are many possible "entangled quantum states" in between one and zero.
An obstacle in developing quantum information systems is finding a way to preserve the quantum information long enough to read and record it. One possible solution might be to use diamond with "nitrogen vacancies," defects that often occur naturally in the crystal lattice of diamonds but can also be produced by exposure to high-energy particles and heat.
"The nitrogen vacancy in diamond operates in a very broad spectral range and at room temperature, which is very important," Shalaev said.
The work is part of a new research field, called diamond photonics. Hyperbolic metamaterials integrated with nitrogen vacancies in diamond are expected to work as efficient "guns" of single photons generated in a broad spectral range, which could bring quantum information systems, he said.

Law of nature refuted



SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   


The so-called fine-structure constant, denoted by the symbol ‘alpha' - seems to vary across the Universe.
Image: catscandotcom/iStockphoto
One of the laws of nature may vary across the Universe, according to a study published today in the journal Physical Review Letters.

One of the most cherished principles in science - the constancy of physics - may not be true, according to research carried out at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Swinburne University of Technology and the University of Cambridge.

The study found that one of the four known fundamental forces, electromagnetism - measured by the so-called fine-structure constant and denoted by the symbol ‘alpha' - seems to vary across the Universe.

The first hints that alpha might not be constant came a decade ago when Professor John Webb,
Professor Victor Flambaum, and other colleagues at UNSW and elsewhere, analysed observations from the Keck Observatory, in Hawaii. Those observations were restricted to one broad area in the sky.

However, now Webb and colleagues (PhD graduate Dr Julian King, PhD student Matthew Bainbridge and Professor Victor Flambaum at UNSW; Dr Michael Murphy at Swinburne University of Technology, and Professor Bob Carswell from Cambridge University) have doubled the number of observations and measured the value of alpha in about 300 distant galaxies, all at huge distances from Earth, and over a much wider area of the sky. The new observations were obtained using the European Southern Observatory's ‘Very Large Telescope' in Chile.

"The results astonished us," said Professor Webb. "In one direction - from our location in the Universe - alpha gets gradually weaker, yet in the opposite direction it gets gradually stronger."

"The discovery, if confirmed, has profound implications for our understanding of space and time and violates one of the fundamental principles underlying Einstein's General Relativity theory," Dr King added.

"Such violations are actually expected in some more modern ‘Theories of Everything' that try to unify all the known fundamental forces," said Professor Flambaum. "The smooth continuous change in alpha may also imply the Universe is much larger than our observable part of it, possibly infinite."

"Another currently popular idea is that many universes exist, each having its own set of physical laws," Dr Murphy said. "Even a slight change in the laws of Nature means they weren't ‘set in stone' when our Universe was born. The laws of Nature you see may depend on your ‘space-time address' - when and where you happen to live in the Universe."

Professor Webb said these new findings also offer a very natural explanation for a question that puzzled scientists for decades: why do the laws of physics seem to be so finely-tuned for the existence of life?

"The answer may be that other regions of the Universe are not quite so favourable for life as we know it, and that the laws of physics we measure in our part of the Universe are merely ‘local by-laws', in which case it is no particular surprise to find life here," he said.
Editor's Note: Original news release can be found here.

Safer way to rid toxic waste


QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   

moorsky_-_radioactive
The new technology can remove radioactive material from contaminated water and aid clean-up efforts following nuclear disasters.
Image: moorsky/iStockphoto
Queensland University of Technology (QUT) researchers have developed new technology capable of removing radioactive material from contaminated water and aiding clean-up efforts following nuclear disasters.

The innovation could also solve the problem of how to clean up millions of tonnes of water contaminated by dangerous radioactive material and safely store the concentrated waste.

Professor Huai-Yong Zhu from QUT Chemistry said the world-first intelligent absorbent, which uses titanate nanofibre and nanotube technology, differed from current clean-up methods, such as layered clays and zeolites, because it could efficiently lock in deadly radioactive material from contaminated water.

The used absorbents can then be safely disposed without the risk of leakage, even if the material became wet.

"One gram of the nanofibres can effectively purify at least one tonne of polluted water," Professor Zhu said.

"This saves large amounts of dangerous water needing to be stored somewhere and also prevents the risk of contaminated products leaking into the soil."

The technology, which was developed in collaboration with the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) and Pennsylvania State University in America, works by running the contaminated water through the fine nanotubes and fibres, which trap the radioactive Cesium (Cs+) ions through a structural change.

"Every year we hear of at least one nuclear accident. Not only is there a risk of contamination where human error is concerned, but there is also a risk from natural disasters such as what we saw in Japan this year," he said.

Professor Zhu and his research team believed the technology would also benefit industries as diverse as mining and medicine.

By adding silver oxide nanocrystals to the outer surface, the nanostructures are able to capture and immobilise radioactive iodine (I-) ions used in treatments for thyroid cancer, in probes and markers for medical diagnosis, as well as found in leaks of nuclear accidents.

"It is our view that just taking the radioactive material in the adsorbents isn't good enough. We should make it safe before disposing it," he said.

"The same goes for Australian sites where we mine nuclear products. We need a solution before we have a problem, rather than looking for fixes when it could be too late."

With a growing need to find alternatives to meet global energy needs, Professor Zhu said now was the time to put safeguards in place.

"In France, 75 per cent of electricity is produced by nuclear power and in Belgium, which has a population of 10 million people there are six nuclear power stations," he said.

"Even if we decide that nuclear energy is not the way we want to go, we will still need to clean-up what's been produced so far and store it safely," he said.

"Australia is one of the largest producers of titania that are the raw materials used for fabricating the absorbents of titanate nanofibres and nanotubes. Now with the knowledge to produce the adsorbents, we have the technology to do the cleaning up for the world."
Editor's Note: Original news release can be found here.

Billion year old bacteria created




THE UNIVERSITY OF WAIKATO   



University of Waikato researchers have managed to create a billion-year-old bacterial enzyme and then trace its evolution through history, to the modern day.

Associate Professor Vic Arcus and postdoctoral research scientist Dr Jo Hobbs have used new computational techniques to make accurate predictions about the size, shape and composition of proteins from ancient bacteria.

They then coaxed modern bacteria into making these ancient proteins for them, creating a billion-year-old Bacillus bacteria enzyme.

“We’ve been able to make a billion-year-old protein enzyme that actually works in the lab,” says researcher Jo Hobbs.

“The billion-year-old enzyme is from a Precambrian ancestor of a modern bacterium called Bacillus,” explains Dr Arcus.

“To our surprise, the ancient enzyme is very stable at high temperatures and very, very active - seven times more active than a comparable modern enzyme.”

“This means that the Bacillus ancestor most probably lived in a hot, inhospitable environment a billion years ago.”

Tracing Evolution

Along with the billion-year-old enzyme, the team created enzymes that trace the evolution of the organisms from one billion years ago to the present day.

They tested the optimal operating temperature of each enzyme to get an insight into the changing temperate of the environment of the bacteria over time.

“The optimum temperature of the billion-year-old organism is 70 degrees. But during the evolution of these bacteria, they have adapted to cooling temperatures. Today we find Bacillus bacteria in nearly every possible environment – hot pools, garden soil, cool lakes, even in Antarctica,” says Dr Arcus.

“They are the weeds of the bacterial world. Their ability to adapt to a great range of different environments over such long periods of time has been their success on planet Earth.”
The team have had their findings published in the Journal of Molecular Biology and Evolution.
Editor's Note: Original news release can be found here.

роЪாрод்родாройிрой் роЗроЪை(Blues): 1 - роОроЩ்роХிро░ுрои்родு родொроЯроЩ்роХிропродு ?


роОро┤ுродிропродு.. роХொро┤рои்род 


рокродிройாро▒ாроо் роиூро▒்ро▒ாрог்роЯிрой் роЖро░роо்рокроо். родெрой் роЕроЯ்ро▓ாрог்роЯிроХ் роХроЯро▓் рокроХுродி. роЗро░ро╡ு роиேро░роо். роЕроЯிрооைроХро│ிрой் роХрок்рокро▓் роТрой்ро▒ு роХроЯро▓ை роХிро┤ிрод்родுроХ்роХொрог்роЯு роЕрооெро░ிроХ்роХрок் рокроХுродிроХро│ை роиோроХ்роХிроЪ் роЪெрой்ро▒ு роХொрог்роЯிро░ுроХ்роХிро▒родு. роТро░ு роЕроЯிрооை рооро▒்ро▒ொро░ு роЕроЯிрооைропிрой் роХро┤ுрод்родை роиெро░ிрод்родுроХ் роХொрог்роЯிро░ுроХ்роХிро▒ாрой். роХை – роХாро▓் ро╡ிро▓роЩ்роХுроХро│ிройாро▓் роПро▒்рокроЯ்роЯ роХாропроЩ்роХро│ைропுроо் рооீро▒ி роХро┤ுрод்родை роиெро▒ிрок்рокродு роЪிро░роорооாроХро╡ே роЗро░ுроХ்роХிро▒родு. роиெро▒ிрокроЯுрокро╡ройிроЯроо் роТро░ு роОродிро░்рок்рокுроо் роЗро▓்ро▓ை. роПройெрой்ро▒ாро▓் роиெро▒ிроХ்роХроЪ் роЪொрой்ройродே роЕро╡рой்родாройே. роПрой் ? родாрой் роЗро▒рои்родாро▓் роороЯ்роЯுрооே роЗрои்род роЕро╡ро▓ роЪூро┤்роиிро▓ைропிро▓் роЗро░ுрои்родு ро╡ிроЯுрокроЯ்роЯு рооро▒ுрокроЯிропுроо் родройродு роиாроЯ்роЯிро▒்роХ்роХுроо் ро╡ீроЯ்роЯிро▒்роХுроо் роЪெрой்ро▒ு роЪேро░ рооுроЯிропுроо் роОрой்ро▒ роЙро▒ுродிропாрой – роХுро┤ைрои்родைрод்родройрооாрой роироо்рокிроХ்роХை. роЗропро▒்роХைропோроЯ роЗропைрои்род роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் рооройродு рокிрой் роОро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு роЪிрои்родிроХ்роХுроо். ро╡ெро▒்ро▒ிроХро░рооாроХ роЗро▒рои்родுроо் ро╡ிроЯுроХிро▒ாрой். роЪро▒்ро▒ு роиேро░роЩ்роХро┤ிрод்родு роХாро╡ро▓ாро│ி роТро░ுро╡рой் роЙро│்ро│ே ро╡ро░, роЗро▒рои்родро╡ройிрой் роЙроЯро▓ைроХ் роХாрог роиேро░ிроЯுроХிро▒родு. роЙроЯро▓ை роОроЯுрод்родு роХроЯро▓ிро▓் ро╡ீроЪிройாройா? роЕродாрой் роЗро▓்ро▓ை. роиீрог்роЯ роХрод்родி; роТро░ே ро╡ெроЯ்роЯு: родро▓ை ро╡ேро▒ு – роЙроЯро▓் ро╡ேро▒ாроХ. родро▒்роХொро▓ை роЪெроп்родு ро╡ீроЯு рокோроп் роЪேро░ро▓ாроо் роОрой்ро▒ு роиிройைрод்родாро▓் роЕродைроХ் роХூроЯ роироЯроХ்роХ ро╡ிроЯ рооாроЯ்роЯோроо் роОрой்ро▒ роХொроЯூро░рооாрой рокுрод்родி.



роЖрок்ро░ிроХ்роХ роЕроЯிрооை рооுро▒ை:
                        роЗрои்род роЕроЯிрооை рооுро▒ை роЖродிроХாро▓роо் родொроЯ்роЯே – роОроХிрок்родிропро░்роХро│ாро▓் родிро▒роо்рокроЯ родொроЯроЩ்роХிро╡ைроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯродு.рокிрой் роОроЯ்роЯாроо் роиூро▒்ро▒ாрог்роЯிро▓்"рооூро░்ро╕் роОрой்ро▒ро┤ைроХ்роХрокроЯ்роЯ ро╡роЯ-роЖрок்ро░ிроХ்роХாро╡ைроЪ் роЪேро░்рои்род рооுро╕்ро▓ிроо்роХро│் ро╕்рокெропிрой & рокோро░்роЪ்роЪுроХро▓் рокроХுродிроХро│ை роХைрокро▒்ро▒ிроп рокோродு рооீрог்роЯுроо் роЕрои்род рокроХுродிроХро│ிро▓் роЕроЯிрооை рооுро▒ை роЪெро┤ிрок்рокроЯைропрод் родொроЯроЩ்роХிропродு. роЕродро▒்роХு рооுрой்ройро░ே, рокро▓ роиூро▒்ро▒ாрог்роЯுроХро│ாроХ“роЕро░ேрокிроп роЕроЯிрооை ро╡рогிроХрооுро▒ை роЙро▓роХро│ро╡ிро▓் рооிроХ рокிро░рокро▓рооாроХ роироЯைрооுро▒ைропிро▓் роЗро░ுрои்родродை роХро╡ройрод்родிро▓் роХொро│்роХ.

1492роЖроо் роЖрог்роЯு роХிро▒ிро╕்родро╡ рокроЯைроХро│் – ропாро░ிрой் родро▓ைрооைропிро▓் роОрой்ро▒ு роЙроЩ்роХро│ுроХ்роХே родெро░ிропுроо் – роПро▒்роХройро╡ே ро╕்рокாройிроп рокроЯைроХро│் роХைрок்рокро▒்ро▒ிропிро░ுрои்род роХ்ро░ாройроЯா рокோрой்ро▒ рокроХுродிроХро│ுроЯрой் роЪேро░்род்родு, рокுродிродாроХ рооேро▒்роХிрои்родிроп рокроХுродிроХро│ைропுроо் роХைрок்рокро▒்ро▒ிропродு. роЕродро▒்роХрок்рокிро▒роХு роЙро▓роХ ро╡ро░ро▓ாро▒ே рооாро▒ிропродு роОрой்ро▒ு роЪொрой்ройாро▓் роЕродு рооிроХைропிро▓்ро▓ை. роПройெрой்ро▒ாро▓் роЗрои்род роХроЯро▓் рокропрогроо் роХொроЯுрод்род родைро░ிропрооுроо், рооிродрооிроЮ்роЪிроп ро▓ாрокрооுроо் рокுродிроп роиாроЯுроХро│ை роиோроХ்роХி роРро░ோрок்рокிропро░்роХро│ை ро╡ெро▒ிроХொрог்роЯ роХுродிро░ைроХро│் рокோро▓ роУроЯроЪ் роЪொрой்ройродு. роЪேройрооிро▓்ро▓ாрооро▓் роХுродிро░ைроХро│ா......роЗрои்род роРро░ோрок்рокிроп роХுродிро░ைроХро│ிрой் роЪேройроо் – роородроо். роЗрои்род роЕройைрод்родு рокроЯைропெроЯுрок்рокுроХро│ிро▓ுроо் роородроо் рооிроХрок்рокெро░ிроп рокроЩ்роХாро▒்ро▒ிропродு.

роЗро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு рокро▓ рокுродிроп роиாроЯுроХро│ை рокிроЯிрод்родாропிро▒்ро▒ு.роХுро▒ிрок்рокாроХ, роЖрок்ро░ிроХ்роХ роиாроЯுроХро│ை.роЕродрой் роЕро▒்рокுродрооாрой ро╡ро│роЩ்роХро│ைропுроо் роЗропро▒்роХை роЪெро▓்ро╡роЩ்роХро│ைропுроо் рокро▓ рооுроХ்роХிроп рокொро░ுроЯ்роХро│ைропுроо் роЪுро░рог்роЯிропாропிро▒்ро▒ு. роЪுро░рог்роЯрок்рокроЯ்роЯ роЕройைрод்родைропுроо் родрод்родроородு роиாроЯுроХро│ுроХ்роХு роПро▒்ро▒ுроородி роЪெроп்ропро╡ுроо், роЕро╡ро░ро╡ро░் роиாроЯ்роЯிро▓் роПро▒்ро▒ுроородி роЪெроп்ропрокроЯ்роЯ рокொро░ுроЯ்роХро│ைропுроо் рокிро▒ ро╡роЪродிроХро│ைропுроо் ро╡ைрод்родு -  рокுродிродாроХ родொроЯроЩ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯ родொро┤ிро▓்роХро│ிро▓், роЙродро░ாрогрооாроХ роЪுро░роЩ்роХроо், роХроЯுроо் ро╡ропро▓் ро╡ேро▓ைроХро│், роХроЯ்роЯுрооாрой рокрогிроХро│்рокோрой்ро▒ родொро┤ிро▓்роХро│ிро▓் ро╡ேро▓ை роЪெроп்ро╡родро▒்роХுро░ிроп роЖроЯ்роХро│ை роОроЩ்роХே рокிроЯிрок்рокродு? роЕро╡ро░ро╡ро░் роиாроЯ்роЯிро▓் рооிроХ роЪொро▒்рок роЕро│ро╡ிро▓ேропே роЖроЯ்роХро│் роХிроЯைрод்родройро░்.роРро░ோрок்рокிропро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХோ роЗродுрокோрой்ро▒ роХроЯுрооைропாрой роХாро▓роиிро▓ை роиிро▓ро╡ுроо் роЗроЯроЩ்роХро│ிро▓் ро╡ேро▓ை роЪெроп்родு рокро┤роХ்роХроо் роЗро▓்ро▓ை.роОрой்рой роЪெроп்ро╡родு? ропோроЪிрод்родройро░்..........роЗродுро╡ро░ை роЖрок்ро░ிроХ்роХ роиாроЯுроХро│ிро▓் роЗро░ுрои்родு рокро▓ ро╡роХை рокொро░ுроЯ்роХро│ை роОроЯுрод்родு ро╡рои்родாроХிро╡ிроЯ்роЯродு.ро╡ேро▒ு роОрой்рой роЕроЩ்роХிро░ுрои்родு роОроЯுроХ்роХ рооுроЯிропுроо் ? роЕрокро░ிродрооாроХ роЕроЩ்роХிро░ுроХ்роХுроо் рооройிрод ро╡ро│роЩ்роХро│் родாрой் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роХрог்рогிро▓்рокроЯ்роЯродு. родிроЯроХாрод்родிро░рооாрой роЙроЯро▓். роОродை роЪொрой்ройாро▓ுроо் роироо்рокிро╡ிроЯுроо் роЕро▒ிропாрооை.роЗропро▒்роХைропோроЯ роТрой்ро▒ி ро╡ாро┤்рои்родாро▓ுроо் роЕродрой் роЪிро▓ ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│ிрой் рооீродு рокропроо். роЗродுрокோродாродா....

роиிропூ ро╡ேро▓்роЯ்(New World) рокроХுродிроХро│் роОрой்ро▒ро┤ைроХ்роХрокроЯ்роЯ роЕрооெро░ிроХ்роХ рокроХுродிроХро│ை роиோроХ்роХிропே рокெро░ுроо்рокாро▓ாрой роХроЯро▓் ро╡ро┤ி роЕроЯிрооை ро╡ிропாрокро░роо் роЕрооைрои்родிро░ுрои்родродு. рооுроХ்роХோрог ро╡рогிроХроо்(Triangle Trade) роОрой்ро▒ ро╡ிропாрокாро░ рооுро▒ை родொроЯроЩ்роХிро▒்ро▒ு. роХீро┤ுро│்ро│ рокроЯрод்родைрок் рокாро░்род்родாро▓ே роиாрой் роЪொро▓்ро▓ ро╡рои்родுродு рооிроХроЪ் роЪுро▓рокрооாроХрок் рокுро░ிропுроо்.


роЪெройроХро▓் рокோрой்ро▒ роЖрок்ро░ிроХ்роХ роХроЯро▓் рокроХுродிроХро│ிро▓் роЗрои்род роЕроЯிрооை ро╡рогிроХрод்родிро▒்роХ்роХாроХро╡ே роТрой்ро▒ро▓்ро▓....ро░ெрог்роЯро▓்ро▓.......роЕро▒ுрокродு роЪрои்родைроХро│் роиிро▒ுро╡рок்рокроЯ்роЯрой. роЪрои்родைроХро│ுроХ்роХு роороХ்роХро│ை роОроЩ்роХிро░ுрои்родு рокிроЯிрод்родு ро╡рои்родройро░்?. роЕройைро╡ро░ைропுроо் роЖрок்ро░ிроХ்роХாро╡ிрой் рокро▓்ро╡ேро▒ு рокроХுродிроХро│ிро▓் роЗро░ுрои்родுродாрой். роЖропிро░роХ்роХрогроХ்роХாрой роороХ்роХро│ை роОро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு “роЕро┤ைрод்родுро╡рои்родройро░்? роХை ро╡ிро▓роЩ்роХிроЯ்роЯு роироЯைрокропрогрооாроХро╡ே. 1000 рооைропிро▓் родூро░род்родை роХூроЯ роироЯрои்родே роХроЯрои்родு ро╡рои்родройро░்.рооிроХ роХроЯுрооைропாрой рокாродைроХро│ிро▓் роЗрои்род роХொроЯுрооைропாрой рокропрогрод்родிройாро▓ேропே рокாродிрокேро░் роЙропிро░ிро┤рои்родு ро╡ிроЯுро╡ро░்.роЗрои்род рокропрогрооே роЪிро▓ роЪрооропроо் рооாродроХ்роХрогроХ்роХிро▓் роЖроХுроо். роЙропிро░் рокிро┤ைрод்родிро░ுрок்рокро╡ро░்роХро│ை рооாроЯ்роЯுроХ் роХொроЯ்роЯроЯி рокோрой்ро▒ роЪрои்родைроХро│ிро▓் роЕроЯைрод்родு ро╡ைрод்родிро░ுрои்родройро░்.

роХроЯро▓் рокропрогроо்:
                 роХрок்рокро▓்,рокроЯроХு роОрой்ро▒ெро▓்ро▓ாроо் роЕро┤ைроХ்роХро╡ே родроХுродிропро▒்ро▒ ро╡ро╕்родுроХ்роХро│ிро▓் родாрой் роЕройைро╡ро░ுроХ்роХுроо் роЕрооேро░ிроХ்роХா рокோрой்ро▒ роиாроЯ்роЯை роиோроХ்роХி рокропрогроо். роХрок்рокро▓ிрой் роЕрооைрок்рокு роОро╡்ро╡ாро▒ு роЗро░ுроХ்роХுроо்? роХீро┤ுро│்ро│ рокроЯрод்родைрок் рокாро░ுроЩ்роХро│்.



роТро░ுро╡ро░ோроЯு роТро░ுро╡ро░் роХை – роХாро▓்роХро│ுроЯрой் роЪேро░்род்родு ро╡ிро▓роЩ்роХிроЯрок்рокроЯ்роЯு, роТро░ுро╡ро░ிрой் рооூроЪ்роЪுроХ்роХாро▒்ро▒ு рооро▒்ро▒ро╡ро░ிрой் рокிроЯро▒ி рооропிро░ிрой் рооேро▓்рокроЯ்роЯு ро╡ெро│ிропேро▒ рооுроЯிропாрооро▓் родро╡ிроХ்роХுроо் роЕро│ро╡ுроХ்роХு роиெро░ுроХ்роХрооாрой роЪூро┤்роиிро▓ை.родройродு рооро▓роЬро▓роо் - ро░род்родроо், роОродு рокிро▒ро░ிрой் рооро▓роЬро▓роо் - ро░род்родроо் роОродு роОрой்ро▒ு рокிро░ிрод்родро▒ிроп рооுроЯிропாрод роЗроЯрок்рокро▒்ро▒ாроХ்роХுро▒ை.роЗрои்род роЕро╡ро▓роо் родாроЩ்роХ рооுроЯிропாрооро▓் родро▒்роХொро▓ைроХ்роХு рооுропрой்ро▒ро╡ро░்роХро│் роЕроиேроХроо்.роЕро╡ро▓ роЪூро┤்роиிро▓ைропிрой் родாроХ்роХрод்родாро▓் роЪிрой்ройроо்рооை, роХொроЯுроЩ்роХாроп்роЪ்роЪро▓் рокோрой்ро▒ роиோроп்роХро│ாро▓் роЗро▒рои்родро╡ро░்роХро│ுроо் роЕроиேроХроо். роХுро▒ைрои்родрокроЯ்роЪроо் роЗро░ுрокродு роиாроЯ்роХро│் рооுродро▓் рооாродроХ்роХрогроХ்роХிро▓் роЗрои்родроХ் роХொроЯூро░рооாрой рокிро░ропாрогроо் роиீро│ுроо். 















роЗроЩ்роХே роЪிро▓ рокுро│்ро│ி ро╡ிро╡ро░роЩ்роХро│ை рокроХிро░ ро╡ிро┤ைроХிро▒ேрой்.

1.роЗрои்род ро╡рогிроХрод்родிро▓் рокெро░ுрооро│ро╡ிро▓் роИроЯுрокроЯ்роЯ роиாроЯுроХро│் –роЗроЩ்роХிро▓ாрои்родு,ро╕்рокெропிрой,рокோро░்роЪ்роЪுроХро▓்,рокிро░ாрой்ро╕்,роиெродро░்ро▓ாрои்родு

2. 16 – 18роЖроо் роЖрог்роЯிрой் родொроЯாроХ்роХроо் ро╡ро░ை – роРро░ோрок்рокிропро░்роХро│், роЗрои்род роХроЯро▓் ро╡ро┤ி ро╡рогிроХрод்родிро▓் роОрод்родройை рооுро▒ை роИроЯுрокроЯ்роЯுро│்ро│ройро░் родெро░ிропுрооா......50,000 родроЯро╡..

3. 15 - 19роЖроо் роиூро▒்ро▒ாрог்роЯிрой் роЗроЯைрок்рокроЯ்роЯ роХாро▓род்родிро▓் роороЯ்роЯுроо் рооுро┤ுро╡родுрооாроХ – роЗрои்род роХроЯро▓் рокроХுродிропிро▓் роороЯ்роЯுроо் – роХுро▒ைрои்родрокроЯ்роЪроо் 150 ро▓роЯ்роЪроо் рокேро░் роЕроЯிрооைроХро│ாроХ роЪிро▒ைрокிроЯிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯройро░். роЗродிро▓் 20 роЗро░ுрокродு ро▓роЯ்роЪроо் рокேро░் ро╡ро░ை роХроЯро▓் рокிро░ропாройрод்родிро▓ேропே роЙропிро░ிро┤рои்родு ро╡ிроЯ்роЯройро░். роЖроо்...рооுро┤ுро╡родுрооாроХ 150 ро▓роЯ்роЪроо் рокேро░ுроХ்роХுроо் рооேро▓்.

4. роЖро░роо்рокрод்родிро▓் рокோро░்роЪ்роЪுроХро▓் родாрой் роЗрои்род ро╡рогிроХрод்родிрой் родாродா.рокிрой்рокு роЕрои்род роЗроЯрод்родை рооுро▒ைропே роЗроЩ்роХிро▓ாрои்родுроо் роЕрооெро░ிроХ்роХாро╡ுроо் роОроЯுрод்родுроХ்роХொрог்роЯрой

5. роЗрои்родிропாро╡ிро▓் роЗродுрокோро▓ роЕроЯிрооை рооுро▒ை роЗро░ுрои்родродா роОрой்ро▒ு ропாро░ுроХ்роХுроо் роХேро│்ро╡ிропெро┤ ро╡ாроп்рок்рокிро▓்ро▓ை.роиாроо்родாроо் роЪொрои்род роороХ்роХро│ைропே рооройுродро░்роороо்,ро▓ொроЯ்роЯு ро▓ொроЪுроХ்роХு роОрой்ро▒ рокро▓ рокேро░்роХро│ிро▓் роЕроЯிрооைроХро│ாроХ ро╡ைрод்родிро░ுрои்родோрооே.

6. роЕродேроЪрооропроо் роЖрок்ро░ிроХ்роХாро╡ிрой் роХுро┤ுроХ்роХро│ுроХ்роХுроо் роЗрои்род роЕроЯிрооைрооுро▒ை роЗро░ுрои்родродு, роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ை роХொроЯூро░рооாроХ рокро▓ிропிроЯுроо் рокро┤роХ்роХрооுроо் роЗро░ுрои்родродு роОрой்рокродுроо் роЙрог்рооை.


роЕрооெро░ிроХ்роХாро╡ிро▓் роЖро░роо்рокிрод்род роЕроЯிрооை рооுро▒ை:


1619роЖроо் роЖрог்роЯு. роЕрооெро░ிроХ்роХாро╡ிрой் ро╡ெро░்роЬிройிропா рооாроХாрогроо்.роЕрооெро░ிроХ்роХ роорог்рогிро▓் рооுродро▓் роЖрок்ро░ிроХ்роХ роЕроЯிрооைроХро│ைрод் родாроЩ்роХிроп роХрок்рокро▓் роХро░ை роЪேро░்роХிро▒родு. роЕрой்ро▒ிро▓ிро░ுрои்родு роЗро░рог்роЯு роиூро▒்ро▒рог்роЯுроХро│், роЕрооро░ிроХ்роХாро╡ிрой் роПро▒роХ்роХுро▒ைроп роОро▓்ро▓ா ро╡роХைропாрой роХроЯிройрооாрой ро╡ேро▓ைроХро│ிро▓ுроо் рокроЩ்роХேро▒்ро▒ு роЕро▓்ро▓родு рокроЩ்роХெроЯுроХ்роХ ро╡ைроХ்роХрокроЯ்роЯு, роЕрои்роиாроЯ்роЯை рооுрой்ройேро▒்ро▒ிропродு роЖрок்ро░ிроХ்роХро░்роХро│ே. 1808роЖроо் роЖрог்роЯு, роЕро░роЪாроЩ்роХрооே роЕроЯிрооைроХро│ை “роЗро▒роХ்роХுроородி роЪெроп்ро╡родро▒்роХு родроЯைро╡ிродிрод்родродு. роЗро▒роХ்роХுроородி роЪெроп்ропрод்родாрой் родроЯைропே родро╡ிро░ роЕроЯிрооைрооுро▒ை роТро┤ிропро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை. 1861роЖроо் роЖрог்роЯு “роЪிро╡ிро▓் ро╡ாро░்роЖро░роо்рокிроХ்роХிрой்ро▒родு.роЕрооெро░ிроХ்роХ роЪро░ிрод்родிро░рооே роЕродро▒்роХுрок்рокிро▒роХு рооுро▒்ро▒ிро▓ுрооாроХ рооாро▒ிропродு.

роПро▒்роХройро╡ே роХூро▒ிропродு рокோро▓, роЖрок்ро░ிроХ்роХ роиாроЯுроХро│ிро▓ுроо் роЕроЯிрооைрооுро▒ை роЗро░ுрои்родாро▓ுроо், рокிро▒ роиாроЯுроХро│ிро▓ுроо் роЗрои்род роЕроЯிрооை рооுро▒ை роЗро░ுрои்родாро▓ுроо் роЕрои்род роХாро▓роХроЯ்роЯрод்родிро▓் роЕрооெро░ிроХ்роХாро╡ிро▓் роЗро░ுрои்род роЕроЯிрооைрооுро▒ை рооுро▒்ро▒ிро▓ுроо் рооро▒்ро▒ роиாроЯுроХро│ைро╡ிроЯ рооாро▒ுрокроЯ்роЯродு.рооிроХ роХொроЯூро░рооாройродொро░ு рокро┤роХ்роХроо் роироЯைрооுро▒ைропிро▓் роЗро░ுрои்родродு. роОрой்рой роЕродு ? роТро░ு роЕроЯிрооைроХ்роХு рокிро▒роХ்роХுроо் роХுро┤ைрои்родைропுроо்.....рокிро▒роХ்роХுроо் рокோродே роЕроЯிрооைродாрой்.роЕрои்род роОроЬрооாройройாроХ рокாро░்род்родு рооройродு ро╡ைрод்родாро▓் родாрой் роЙрог்роЯு.роЗро▓்ро▓ாро╡ிроЯ்роЯாро▓் роЕроХ்роХுро┤рои்родைропுроо் роЕродрой் рокிро▒роХு ро╡ро░ுроо் родро▓ைрооுро▒ைропுроо் роХூроЯ роЕроЯிрооைродாрой்.роХொроЯூро░роо்.


роТро░ு рооройிродройுроХ்роХு рооро▒்ро▒ொро░ு рооройிродрой் роЪெроп்ропроХ் роХூроЯிроп рооிроХрокெро░ிроп роХொроЯுрооை роОродாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХ рооுроЯிропுроо்......роЕро╡рой் ро╡ாро┤்ро╡ாродாро░род்родை роЪிродைрок்рокродு, роЙрогро╡ு роЗро░ுрок்рокிроЯроо் рокோрой்ро▒ роЕрод்родிропாро╡роЪிроп ро╡ிро╖ропроЩ்роХро│ை рооро▒ுрок்рокродு....роЗро╡ைроХро│ா....роЗро╡ை роороЯ்роЯுроо்родாройா ? роОройроХ்роХு родெро░ிрои்род ро╡ро░ைропிро▓் роТро░ு рооройிродройிрой் роХро▓ாроЪாро░род்родை – роЕро╡ройродு ро╡ро░ро▓ாро▒்ро▒ை роЕро┤ிрод்родொро┤ிрок்рокродுродாрой் рооிроХрок்рокெро░ிроп роХொроЯுрооைропாроХ роЗро░ுроХ்роХ рооுроЯிропுроо். And the americans precisely did that. рооுродро▓ிро▓் рокெропро░ை рооாро▒்ро▒ிройро░் (роЗродрой் роХாро░рогрооாроХро╡ே рооாро▓்роХроо் ро▓ிроЯ்роЯிро▓ாроХ роЗро░ுрои்родро╡ро░் рооாро▓்роХроо் роЪாроХ рооாро▒ிройாро░்). роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிрой் роиாроЯ்роЯுроЯрой் роОро╡்ро╡ிрод родொроЯро░்рокிро▓்ро▓ாрооро▓் роЪெроп்родройро░்.роЕро╡ро░родு роород роироо்рокிроХ்роХைроХро│ை роХுро┤ைрод்родройро░்.

роОро╡்ро╡ро│ро╡ுродாрой் родроЯுроХ்роХ рооுропро▒்роЪிрод்родாро▓ுроо் роироородு роЗродроп родுроЯிрок்рокை роиிро▒ுрод்род рооுроЯிропாродро▓்ро▓ро╡ா....роЕродுрокோро▓ро╡ே роЖрок்ро░ிроХ்роХро░ுроХ்роХு – роЗроЪை. роЙро▓роХிрой் рооூрод்род роХுроЯி – рооிроХ рокро┤рооைропாрой рокро┤роЩ்роХுроЯிропிройро░் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│்родாройே.... роЕродிро░ро╡ைроХ்роХுроо் родோро▓் роЗроЪை рооுродро▒்роХொрог்роЯு рокро▓்ро╡ேро▒ு ро╡роХை роЙрогро░்роЪ்роЪிроХро░рооாрой – роиேро░роЯிропாрой роЗроЪை роЕроЩ்роХிро░ுрои்родродாройே рокிро▒рои்родродு...роЪாрок்рокிроЯுро╡родு роЙро▒роЩ்роХுро╡родு роПрой் роЪிро▒ுроиீро░் роХро┤ிрок்рокродு рокோро▓, роЗроЪை роОрой்рокродு роЖрок்ро░ிроХро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு ро╡ாро┤்роХை рооுро▒ை. роЕрок்рокроЯிрок்рокроЯ்роЯ роЗройрод்родை роЪேро░்рои்род роЖрок்ро░ிроХ்роХ роЕроЯிрооைроХро│ிроЯроо் роЗро░ுрои்родு роОро▓்ро▓ாро╡ро▒்ро▒ைропுроо் рокро▒ிрод்родாро▓ுроо், роЗроЪைропை ропாро░ாро▓ுроо் роТрой்ро▒ுроо் роЪெроп்роп роЗропро▓ро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை. роЕроЯிрооைроХро│ை роХொрог்роЯு ро╡ро░ுроо் роХрок்рокро▓ிро▓் роЗро░ுрои்родே – роТро░ுро╡ро░ை роТро░ுро╡ро░் родேро▒்ро▒ிроХ் роХொро│்ро│ро╡ுроо், роЪро▒்ро▒ே роЖроЪுро╡ாроЪрок்рокроЯுрод்родிроХ் роХொро│்ро│ро╡ுроо் - роЗрои்род роЗроЪைродாрой் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு ро╡роЯிроХாро▓். роЕродுро╡ுроо் 18роЖроо் роиூро▒்ро▒рог்роЯிрой் роЖро░роо்рокрод்родிро▓்родாрой் роЗродுрокோрой்ро▒ “роХொрог்роЯாроЯ்роЯроЩ்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роЕройுроородி роХிроЯைрод்родродு.


ро╡ропро▓்роХро│ிро▓் ро╡ேро▓ை рокாро░்роХ்роХுроо் рокொро┤ுродு роЕро▓ுрок்рокு родெро░ிропாрооро▓் роЗро░ுроХ்роХро╡ுроо், родрой் роЗропро▓ாрооை, роХோрокроо், ро╡ро░ுрод்родроо், роХாродро▓், роХாроороо், роороХிро┤்роЪ்роЪி роОрой்ро▒ு роОро▓்ро▓ா роЙрогро░்ро╡ுроХро│ை ро╡ெро│ிрок்рокроЯுрод்родுро╡ுроо்,роОро▓்ро▓ாро╡ро▒்ро▒ைропுроо் ро╡ிроЯ рооுроХ்роХிропрооாроХ – родройродு родாроп்роиாроЯ்роЯிро▒்роХுроо் родройроХ்роХுрооாрой родொроЯро░்рокை рокேрогிроХ் роХாроХ்роХро╡ுроо் роЗроЪைропே роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роЙро▒்ро▒ு родுрогைропாройродு. рооро▓ைропுроЪ்роЪிропிро▓் роЗро░ுрои்родு роХூроХ்роХுро░ро▓ிроЯ்роЯாро▓் роПро▒்рокроЯுроо் роОродிро░ொро▓ிрок்рокு рокோро▓, роЕро╡ро░்роХро│родு роОрог்рогроЩ்роХро│ிрой் роОродிро░ொро▓ிрок்рокாроХ роЗроЪை рооாро▒ிрок்рокோроХிро▒родு.роЗроЪைропிрой் рооூро▓рооே роЗрои்род роЕро╡ро▓роЪ் роЪூро┤்роиிро▓ைропிро▓் роЗро░ுрои்родு ро╡ிроЯ்роЯு ро╡ிроЯுродро▓ைропாроХி роОроЩ்роХெроЩ்роХோ, рокெропро░் родெро░ிропாрод рокро▒ро╡ைроХро│் рокோро▓ рокро▒рои்родு роЪெро▓்ро▓рооுроЯிропுрооெрой்ро▒ு роироо்рокிройро░். роХிроЯாро░் - роЕро╡ро░்роХро│родு роЙро▒்ро▒ родோро┤ройாройродு. роХுроЯுроо்рокрод்родிро▓் роТро░ு роЙро▒ுрок்рокிройро░ாройродு. роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் рокேроЪுро╡родро▒்роХு рокродிро▓ாроХ родройродு роиро░роо்рокுроХро│ிрой் рооூро▓рооாроХ рокродிро▓ро│ிроХ்роХ роЖро░роо்рокிрод்родродு. роЕрой்ро▒ிро▓ிро░ுрои்родு рокிро▒рои்родродுродாрой் роЙро▓роХро│ро╡ிро▓் Rock n Roll, Jazz, Rhythm & Blues(R & B) рокோрой்ро▒ роЗроЪை ро╡роХைро│ுроХ்роХு роиேро░роЯிропாроХро╡ுроо் рокிро▒்рокாроЯு ро╡рои்род Rock, Ska, Reggae, Hip  Hop, Rap рокோрой்ро▒ро╡ро▒்ро▒ிроХ்роХு рооро▒ைрооுроХрооாроХро╡ுроо் роХாро░рогрооாроХ роЗро░ுрои்род, роЪாрод்родாройிрой் роЗроЪை роОрой்ро▒ு роТро░ுроХாро▓род்родிро▓் роЕро┤ைроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯ – рок்ро│ுро╕் роЗроЪைропாроХுроо்.