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Showing posts with label Psychology Psychiatry. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Psychology Psychiatry. Show all posts

Wednesday, March 13, 2024

பொருள் முதல்வாத மனநோயியல்


மனநோய் மருத்துவர் ஜி. டி க்ளரம்பவுல் முன் வைத்த பிரபலமான கருதுகோள் மிகவும் ஆழமானது: உலக நிலையாக, ஓர் அமைப்பாக இருக்கும் பிதற்றல் நிலை, ஓர் இரண்டாம் நிலை குணம்; பகுதியான, அந்தந்த வட்டாரம் சார்ந்த தானியங்கும் குணத்தின் விளைவு ஆகும். விரும்பும்-எந்திரங்களின் உற்பத்தியின் செயல்முறை கொண்ட பதிவின் குணம்தான் பிதற்ற நிலை என்பது உண்மை;
ஐயுறவு மன நோயிலும், மனச் சிதைவு நோயின் ஐயுறவு மனநோய் வடிவங்களிலும் இருப்பது போல், இந்தப் பதிவு செயல்முறையின் தனி அம்சங்களான, ஒருங்கிணைப்புகளும் ஒழுங்கின்மைகளும் (பாசங்கள்) இருந்தாலும், ஒரு தனிப்பட்ட வெளியை அது உருவாக்குவதில்லை. ஏனெனில் அது, விரும்பும்-எந்திரங்களின் இயக்கம் மற்றும் முடக்கத்தைச் சார்ந்திருக்கிறது.
எப்படியாயினும், பச்சிளங் குழந்தைகள் எழுப்பும் ஒலிகள், பல்வேறு விதமான சப்தங்களைச் செய்தல், அல்லது திடீரென்ற காரணமற்ற வெடிப்புகள் போன்ற பொருளற்ற குணங்களைக் குறிப்பிட க்ளரம்பவுல், '(மன ரீதியான) தானியங்கித்தன்மை' என்ற சொல்லைப் பயன்படுத்துகிறார். கிருமித் தாக்குதல் அல்லது விஷத்தன்மை ஆகியவற்றின் எந்திரத்தனமான விளைவுகள் இவை என்று அவர் கூறுகிறார்.
மேலும், பிதற்றல் நிலையின் பெரும்பகுதி, தானியங்கித்தன்மையின் விளைவு என்று அவர் விளக்கினார்; அவருடைய பார்வையில், மிச்சப் பகுதியான, 'தனிப்பட்ட பகுதி' என்பது, எதிர்வினையின் ஓர் இயல்பு, 'குணத்தை' அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்டது. குணத்தின் வெளிப்பாடுகள் தானியங்கித்தன்மைக்கு (உதாரணமாக, ஐயுறவு மனநோய் மனிதனுள் இருப்பது போல்) முன் இருப்பவை ஆகும். எனவே, தானியங்கித்தன்மை என்பது விரும்பும்-எந்திரங்களைச் சார்ந்த பொருளாதார உற்பத்தியின் செயல்முறையாக அல்லாமல், நரம்பியல் இயக்கம் எனும் சொல்லின் சாதாரணமாகப் பொருள் கொடுக்கும் அம்சம் போல்தான் க்ளரம்பவுல் கருதுகிறார்.
வரலாற்றைப் பொறுத்தவரை, அதனுடைய உள்ளார்ந்த அல்லது பீடிக்கப்பட்ட இயல்பைக் குறிப்பிடுவதில் அவர் திருப்தி அடைந்துவிடுகிறார். க்ளரம்பவுல், உளவியலின் ஃபாயர்பாஹ் என்று சொல்லிவிடலாம். ஃபாயர்பாஹ்வை மார்க்ஸ் குறிப்பிடுவதைப் போல் அதைச் சொல்ல வேண்டும். 'பொருள்களை ஒரு பொருள்முதல்வாதியாக ஃபாயார்பாஹ் நோக்கும்போது, அவருடைய படைப்புகளில் வரலாறு இல்லாமல் போய்விடுகிறது. அவர் வரலாற்றை கையில் எடுத்துக்கொள்ளும்போது அவர் ஒரு பொருள்முதல்வாதியாக இல்லாமல் போய்விடுகிறார்,' என்று மார்க்ஸ் குறிப்பிடுகிறார்.
மாறாக, ஓர் உண்மையான பொருள்முதல்வாத மனநோயியலை இரட்டை இலக்குகளை வைத்துக்கொண்டிருப்பதால் இப்படி வரையறுக்கலாம்: இயக்கத்தில் விருப்பத்தை அறிமுகம் செய்வது, விருப்பத்தில் உற்பத்தியை அறிமுகம் செய்வது.
இடிபஸுக்கு எதிராக-முதலாளித்துவமும் மனப்பிறழ்வும் -டெல்யூஜ் & கத்தாரி (மொழிபெயர்ப்பு: முபீன் சாதிகா & நிஜந்தன்)

Monday, March 4, 2024

What is Polyamory?

 Polyamory is a relationship structure or philosophy where individuals have consensual, intimate relationships with multiple partners simultaneously. Unlike monogamous relationships, where individuals typically have only one romantic or sexual partner at a time, polyamorous relationships acknowledge and often celebrate the potential for loving and meaningful connections with more than one person.

 

Critical aspects of polyamory include:

 

Consent: All parties involved in a polyamorous relationship willingly agree to the arrangement, including the presence of multiple partners and the specific boundaries or agreements within the relationship.

 

Open communication: Polyamorous relationships emphasise honest and transparent communication between partners. This includes discussing emotions, needs, boundaries, and expectations openly and without judgment.

 

Emotional connection: Polyamorous relationships often prioritise emotional intimacy and connection with multiple partners, alongside or separate from physical intimacy.

 

Non-monogamy: Polyamory falls under the umbrella of non-monogamous relationship structures, meaning that individuals involved in polyamorous relationships may have romantic or sexual relationships with partners outside of their primary relationship.

 

Polyamory can take various forms, including hierarchical (where partners may have primary and secondary relationships), non-hierarchical (where all relationships are considered equal), or relationship anarchy (where there are no predefined rules or hierarchies). The specific dynamics and agreements within polyamorous relationships can vary widely and are determined by the preferences and needs of the individuals involved.

Thursday, December 21, 2023

How does corruption affect you and What can be done?

Corruption is a complex social, political, and economic phenomenon characterized by the abuse of power for personal gain or private benefit. It can manifest in various forms, including bribery, embezzlement, nepotism, fraud, and other unethical practices. Corruption undermines the principles of fairness, transparency, and accountability, and it can have severe consequences for economic development, social justice, and political stability.

Minimizing corruption requires a multifaceted approach involving individuals, institutions, and society as a whole. Here are some key strategies to help combat and minimize corruption:

  1. Strengthen Legal Frameworks:

    • Enact and enforce comprehensive anti-corruption laws that cover various forms of corruption.
    • Ensure severe penalties for individuals found guilty of corruption.
  2. Independent Judiciary:

    • Establish and maintain an independent judiciary that can prosecute and adjudicate corruption cases without political interference.
  3. Transparency and Accountability:

    • Promote transparency in government actions, decision-making processes, and financial transactions.
    • Implement accountability mechanisms to hold public officials and institutions responsible for their actions.
  4. Whistleblower Protection:

    • Develop and enforce laws that protect whistleblowers from retaliation, encouraging individuals to report corrupt practices.
  5. Public Awareness and Education:

    • Raise awareness about the detrimental effects of corruption on society.
    • Promote ethical behavior and integrity through education and public awareness campaigns.
  6. Effective Oversight Bodies:

    • Establish and empower independent anti-corruption agencies with the authority to investigate and prosecute corruption cases.
  7. Digitalization and E-Government:

    • Implement digital technologies and e-government solutions to reduce opportunities for corruption and increase transparency in public services.
  8. Fair and Competitive Procurement:

    • Ensure fair and competitive procurement processes to prevent corruption in public contracting and procurement.
  9. International Cooperation:

    • Engage in international cooperation to address cross-border corruption issues and collaborate with other countries in fighting corruption.
  10. Political Will:

    • Demonstrate strong political will to tackle corruption at all levels of government.

It's important to note that fighting corruption is an ongoing process that requires sustained effort from all segments of society. It often involves a combination of legal, institutional, and cultural changes to create an environment where corruption is not tolerated and is actively discouraged.


Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)

The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is one of the most well-known corruption indices, and it is published annually by Transparency International. The CPI provides a numerical score to countries based on the perceived level of corruption in the public sector. The scores range from 0 to 100, where 0 indicates a highly corrupt country and 100 indicates a very clean, corruption-free country.


Transparency International uses a combination of data sources to calculate the CPI, including surveys and assessments from experts and business people. The data sources used to determine the index include:


  1. Expert Assessments: Surveys are conducted to gather the opinions of experts, including analysts, business professionals, and other knowledgeable individuals, on the level of corruption in the public sector of various countries.
  2. Business Surveys: Transparency International also collects information from business people about their experiences with corruption in the countries where they operate.


The combination of these sources allows Transparency International to provide a composite score for each country, reflecting the perceived level of corruption. The higher the score, the lower the perceived level of corruption.


It's important to note that the Corruption Perceptions Index is a perception-based index and does not directly measure the actual incidence of corruption. It reflects the opinions and experiences of those surveyed.


In addition to the CPI, other organizations and institutions may develop their own corruption indices, often using different methodologies and indicators. Common indicators of corruption include:


  1. Bribery and Kickbacks: Involves the offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting of something of value (such as money, gifts, or favors) to influence the actions of an official or other person in a position of trust.
  2. Embezzlement: Misappropriation or theft of funds entrusted to an individual, often within a public or private organization.
  3. Nepotism: Favoritism shown by individuals in positions of power to their relatives or close friends, often in the form of providing them with jobs, contracts, or other benefits.
  4. Lack of Transparency: Absence of openness and accessibility of information, making it difficult to track and monitor government activities.
  5. Abuse of Power: The misuse of authority for personal gain or to benefit a particular group, often to the detriment of the broader population.


These indicators help to assess different aspects of corruption and contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the challenges associated with corruption in various contexts.

Monday, October 23, 2023

The reasons people engage in or support the creation of Wars

 The reasons people engage in or support the creation of wars are complex and multifaceted, and they can vary depending on historical, cultural, political, and social contexts. Some of the common factors that contribute to the propensity for war include:

  1. Territorial Disputes: Conflicts over land, borders, and resources have been a major driver of wars throughout history. When one group or nation perceives that it can gain a strategic advantage or access valuable resources through force, it may be more inclined to pursue war.

  2. Ideological or Religious Beliefs: Differences in ideology, religion, or political beliefs can lead to conflicts. Sometimes, individuals or groups are driven by deeply held beliefs that they believe are worth fighting for.

  3. Economic Interests: Economic motivations, such as securing trade routes or gaining control over valuable trade partners, can play a role in starting or supporting wars. Economic competition and the desire for wealth and power can lead to conflicts.

    1. Nationalism:

    2. Nationalism is a strong sense of pride and loyalty to one's own nation. It can foster a "us versus them" mentality and make people more willing to go to war to protect or promote the interests of their nation.

    3. Power and Control: Those in positions of power may use war as a means to maintain or expand their authority. Military conflict can consolidate power and divert attention from domestic issues.

    4. Historical Grievances: Historical grievances or unresolved conflicts can create a cycle of violence. Long-standing disputes and perceived injustices may lead to a desire for revenge or redress.

    5. Propaganda and Manipulation: Leaders and governments can use propaganda and manipulation to sway public opinion and create a justification for war. False or exaggerated threats may be presented to gain support for military actions.

    6. Fear and Insecurity: Perceived threats, whether real or imagined, can lead to a sense of insecurity that prompts nations or groups to prepare for conflict, which can then escalate into war.

    7. Arms Race: The buildup of military capabilities by multiple parties can create a tense and competitive environment that increases the likelihood of war.

    8. Psychological Factors: Human psychology, including aggression, fear, and the desire for dominance, can also contribute to the inclination toward war.


It's important to note that wars have devastating consequences, resulting in loss of life, suffering, and long-lasting societal and economic impacts. Efforts to prevent conflicts and promote diplomacy, cooperation, and international relations are crucial in reducing the likelihood of wars. International organizations, such as the United Nations, play a role in facilitating dialogue and conflict resolution to prevent or mitigate conflicts.

Understanding the underlying factors that contribute to war is a complex endeavor, and addressing them often requires a combination of diplomatic, political, and social approaches to build a more peaceful world.

Monday, October 16, 2023

What is Karpman Drama Triangle

 Stephen Karpman's Drama Triangle is a psychological concept that describes the roles people often play in interpersonal conflicts and dysfunctional relationships. It was first introduced in the 1960s and is used in transactional analysis and psychology to help individuals understand and change their patterns of behavior in challenging situations. The Drama Triangle consists of three primary roles:

  1. The Victim: The Victim is the person who perceives themselves as helpless, oppressed, or disadvantaged in a given situation. They often seek sympathy and support from others and may avoid taking responsibility for their circumstances. Victims tend to adopt a passive, helpless attitude and believe that they have no control over their lives.

  2. The Persecutor: The Persecutor is the individual who adopts a critical, blaming, or controlling stance. They see themselves as superior or in a position of power and often make others feel at fault for the problems or conflicts at hand. Persecutors may come across as aggressive, judgmental, or domineering.

  3. The Rescuer: The Rescuer is the person who takes on a caretaker role, often to the detriment of their own needs and boundaries. They believe they must save or protect the Victim and may offer unsolicited advice or help. Rescuers can develop a sense of self-worth from their caregiving role, but they may also become resentful when their help is not appreciated or when it perpetuates the Victim's helplessness.

The Drama Triangle operates in a cyclical manner. For example, a conflict might start with someone taking on the Victim role, leading another person to adopt the Persecutor role, and a third person to assume the Rescuer role. Over time, roles can shift, with individuals switching positions or playing multiple roles within the same conflict.

The Drama Triangle is not a healthy or constructive way to address conflicts and issues, as it tends to perpetuate dysfunction and prevent genuine problem-solving. To break free from the Drama Triangle, individuals can:

  1. Recognize their role: Becoming aware of which role they are playing in a given situation is the first step to breaking free from the Drama Triangle.

  2. Take responsibility: Victims can work on taking responsibility for their lives, Persecutors can learn to communicate without blame, and Rescuers can set healthy boundaries and stop enabling dysfunctional behavior.

  3. Encourage open communication: Honest and assertive communication is essential to resolving conflicts in a more constructive manner.

  4. Seek help: Sometimes, it may be necessary to involve a therapist or counselor to break free from these roles and address underlying issues.

By understanding and actively avoiding the Drama Triangle, individuals can promote healthier, more balanced relationships and conflicts resolution.